South America

64:7.5When the rel­a­tively pure-line rem­nants of the red race for­sook Asia, there were eleven tribes, and they num­bered a lit­tle over seven thou­sand men, women, and chil­dren. These tribes were ac­com­pa­nied by three small groups of mixed an­ces­try, the largest of these be­ing a com­bi­na­tion of the or­ange and blue races. These three groups never fully frat­er­nized with the red man and early jour­neyed south­ward to Mex­ico and Cen­tral Amer­ica, where they were later joined by a small group of mixed yel­lows and reds. These peo­ples all in­ter­mar­ried and founded a new and amal­ga­mated race, one which was much less war­like than the pure-line red men. Within five thou­sand years this amal­ga­mated race broke up into three groups, es­tab­lish­ing the civ­i­liza­tions re­spec­tively of Mex­ico, Cen­tral Amer­ica, and South Amer­ica. The South Amer­i­can off­shoot did re­ceive a faint touch of the blood of Adam.

78:5.7One hun­dred and thirty-two of this race, em­bark­ing in a fleet of small boats from Japan, even­tu­ally reached South Amer­ica and by in­ter­mar­riage with the na­tives of the An­des es­tab­lished the an­ces­try of the later rulers of the In­cas. They crossed the Pa­cific by easy stages, tar­ry­ing on the many is­lands they found along the way. The is­lands of the Poly­ne­sian group were both more nu­mer­ous and larger then than now, and these And­ite sailors, to­gether with some who fol­lowed them, bi­o­log­i­cally mod­i­fied the na­tive groups in tran­sit. Many flour­ish­ing cen­ters of civ­i­liza­tion grew up on these now sub­merged lands as a re­sult of And­ite pen­e­tra­tion. Easter Is­land was long a re­li­gious and ad­min­is­tra­tive cen­ter of one of these lost groups. But of the And­ites who nav­i­gated the Pa­cific of long ago none but the one hun­dred and thirty-two ever reached the main­land of the Amer­i­cas.

79:5.9These civ­i­liza­tions were evo­lu­tion­ary prod­ucts of the San­giks, not­with­stand­ing that traces of And­ite blood reached Peru. Ex­cept­ing the Es­ki­mos in North Amer­ica and a few Poly­ne­sian And­ites in South Amer­ica, the peo­ples of the West­ern Hemi­sphere had no con­tact with the rest of the world un­til the end of the first mil­len­nium af­ter Christ. In the orig­i­nal Mel­chiz­e­dek plan for the im­prove­ment of the Uran­tia races it had been stip­u­lated that one mil­lion of the pure-line de­scen­dants of Adam should go to up­step the red men of the Amer­i­cas.

59:5.11To­ward the close of this epoch the land of North Amer­ica be­gan to rise. There was a short in­ter­rup­tion, and the sea re­turned to cover about half of its pre­vi­ous beds. This was a short in­un­da­tion, and most of the land was soon well above wa­ter. South Amer­ica was still con­nected with Eu­rope by way of Africa.

64:7.16As the San­gik mi­gra­tions draw to a close, the green and or­ange races are gone, the red man holds North Amer­ica, the yel­low man east­ern Asia, the blue man Eu­rope, and the in­digo race has grav­i­tated to Africa. In­dia har­bors a blend of the sec­ondary San­gik races, and the brown man, a blend of the red and yel­low, holds the is­lands off the Asi­atic coast. An amal­ga­mated race of rather su­pe­rior po­ten­tial oc­cu­pies the high­lands of South Amer­ica. The purer An­don­ites live in the ex­treme north­ern re­gions of Eu­rope and in Ice­land, Green­land, and north­east­ern North Amer­ica.

81:4.14In North China there is a cer­tain blend­ing of Cau­ca­soid and Mon­goloid types; in the Lev­ant the Cau­ca­soid and Ne­groid have in­ter­min­gled; in In­dia, as in South Amer­ica, all three types are rep­re­sented. And the skele­tal char­ac­ter­is­tics of the three sur­viv­ing types still per­sist and help to iden­tify the later an­ces­try of pres­ent-day hu­man races.

85:4.2Many things and nu­mer­ous events have func­tioned as re­li­gious stim­uli to dif­fer­ent peo­ples in dif­fer­ent ages. A rain­bow is yet wor­shiped by many of the hill tribes of In­dia. In both In­dia and Africa the rain­bow is thought to be a gi­gan­tic ce­les­tial snake; He­brews and Chris­tians re­gard it as “the bow of prom­ise.” Like­wise, in­flu­ences re­garded as benef­i­cent in one part of the world may be looked upon as ma­lig­nant in other re­gions. The east wind is a god in South Amer­ica, for it brings rain; in In­dia it is a devil be­cause it brings dust and causes drought. The an­cient Bed­ou­ins be­lieved that a na­ture spirit pro­duced the sand whirls, and even in the times of Moses be­lief in na­ture spir­its was strong enough to in­sure their per­pet­u­a­tion in He­brew the­ol­ogy as an­gels of fire, wa­ter, and air.

59:1.1By the dawn of this pe­riod of rel­a­tive quiet on the earth’s sur­face, life is con­fined to the var­i­ous in­land seas and the oceanic shore line; as yet no form of land or­gan­ism has evolved. Prim­i­tive ma­rine an­i­mals are well es­tab­lished and are pre­pared for the next evo­lu­tion­ary de­vel­op­ment. Ame­bas are typ­i­cal sur­vivors of this ini­tial stage of an­i­mal life, hav­ing made their ap­pear­ance to­ward the close of the pre­ced­ing tran­si­tion pe­riod.

59:1.2400,000,000 years ago ma­rine life, both veg­etable and an­i­mal, is fairly well dis­tributed over the whole world. The world cli­mate grows slightly warmer and be­comes more equable. There is a gen­eral in­un­da­tion of the seashores of the var­i­ous con­ti­nents, par­tic­u­larly of North and South Amer­ica. New oceans ap­pear, and the older bod­ies of wa­ter are greatly en­larged.

59:1.3Veg­e­ta­tion now for the first time crawls out upon the land and soon makes con­sid­er­able prog­ress in adap­ta­tion to a non­ma­rine habi­tat.

59:1.4Sud­denly and with­out gra­da­tion an­ces­try the first mul­ti­cel­lu­lar an­i­mals make their ap­pear­ance. The trilo­bites have evolved, and for ages they dom­i­nate the seas. From the stand­point of ma­rine life this is the trilo­bite age.

59:1.5In the later por­tion of this time seg­ment much of North Amer­ica and Eu­rope emerged from the sea. The crust of the earth was tem­porar­ily sta­bi­lized; moun­tains, or rather high el­e­va­tions of land, rose along the At­lantic and Pa­cific coasts, over the West In­dies, and in south­ern Eu­rope. The en­tire Caribbean re­gion was highly el­e­vated.

59:1.6390,000,000 years ago the land was still el­e­vated. Over parts of east­ern and west­ern Amer­ica and west­ern Eu­rope may be found the stone strata laid down dur­ing these times, and these are the old­est rocks which con­tain trilo­bite fos­sils. There were many long fin­ger­like gulfs pro­ject­ing into the land masses in which were de­posited these fos­sil-bear­ing rocks.

59:1.7Within a few mil­lion years the Pa­cific Ocean be­gan to in­vade the Amer­i­can con­ti­nents. The sink­ing of the land was prin­ci­pally due to crustal ad­just­ment, al­though the lat­eral land spread, or con­ti­nen­tal creep, was also a fac­tor.

59:1.8380,000,000 years ago Asia was sub­sid­ing, and all other con­ti­nents were ex­pe­ri­enc­ing a short-lived emer­gence. But as this epoch pro­gressed, the newly ap­pear­ing At­lantic Ocean made ex­ten­sive in­roads on all ad­ja­cent coast lines. The north­ern At­lantic or Arc­tic seas were then con­nected with the south­ern Gulf wa­ters. When this south­ern sea en­tered the Ap­palachian trough, its waves broke upon the east against moun­tains as high as the Alps, but in gen­eral the con­ti­nents were un­in­ter­est­ing low­lands, ut­terly de­void of scenic beauty.

59:1.9The sed­i­men­tary de­posits of these ages are of four sorts:

59:1.101. Con­glom­er­ates—mat­ter de­posited near the shore lines.

59:1.112. Sand­stones—de­posits made in shal­low wa­ter but where the waves were suf­fi­cient to pre­vent mud set­tling.

59:1.123. Shales—de­posits made in the deeper and more quiet wa­ter.

59:1.134. Lime­stone—in­clud­ing the de­posits of trilo­bite shells in deep wa­ter.

59:1.14The trilo­bite fos­sils of these times pre­sent cer­tain ba­sic uni­for­mi­ties cou­pled with cer­tain well-marked vari­a­tions. The early an­i­mals de­vel­op­ing from the three orig­i­nal life im­plan­ta­tions were char­ac­ter­is­tic; those ap­pear­ing in the West­ern Hemi­sphere were slightly dif­fer­ent from those of the Eurasian group and from the Aus­tralasian or Aus­tralian-Antarc­tic type.

59:1.15370,000,000 years ago the great and al­most to­tal sub­mer­gence of North and South Amer­ica oc­curred, fol­lowed by the sink­ing of Africa and Aus­tralia. Only cer­tain parts of North Amer­ica re­mained above these shal­low Cam­brian seas. Five mil­lion years later the seas were re­treat­ing be­fore the ris­ing land. And all of these phe­nom­ena of land sink­ing and land ris­ing were un­dra­matic, tak­ing place slowly over mil­lions of years.

59:1.16The trilo­bite fos­sil-bear­ing strata of this epoch out­crop here and there through­out all the con­ti­nents ex­cept in cen­tral Asia. In many re­gions these rocks are hor­i­zon­tal, but in the moun­tains they are tilted and dis­torted be­cause of pres­sure and fold­ing. And such pres­sure has, in many places, changed the orig­i­nal char­ac­ter of these de­posits. Sand­stone has been turned into quartz, shale has been changed to slate, while lime­stone has been con­verted into mar­ble.

59:1.17360,000,000 years ago the land was still ris­ing. North and South Amer­ica were well up. West­ern Eu­rope and the British Isles were emerg­ing, ex­cept parts of Wales, which were deeply sub­merged. There were no great ice sheets dur­ing these ages. The sup­posed glacial de­posits ap­pear­ing in con­nec­tion with these strata in Eu­rope, Africa, China, and Aus­tralia are due to iso­lated moun­tain glaciers or to the dis­place­ment of glacial de­bris of later ori­gin. The world cli­mate was oceanic, not con­ti­nen­tal. The south­ern seas were warmer then than now, and they ex­tended north­ward over North Amer­ica up to the po­lar re­gions. The Gulf Stream coursed over the cen­tral por­tion of North Amer­ica, be­ing de­flected east­ward to bathe and warm the shores of Green­land, mak­ing that now ice-man­tled con­ti­nent a ver­i­ta­ble tropic par­a­dise.

59:1.18The ma­rine life was much alike the world over and con­sisted of the sea­weeds, one-celled or­gan­isms, sim­ple sponges, trilo­bites, and other crus­taceans—shrimps, crabs, and lob­sters. Three thou­sand va­ri­eties of bra­chiopods ap­peared at the close of this pe­riod, only two hun­dred of which have sur­vived. These an­i­mals rep­re­sent a va­ri­ety of early life which has come down to the pres­ent time prac­ti­cally un­changed.

59:1.19But the trilo­bites were the dom­i­nant liv­ing crea­tures. They were sexed an­i­mals and ex­isted in many forms; be­ing poor swim­mers, they slug­gishly floated in the wa­ter or crawled along the sea bot­toms, curl­ing up in self-pro­tec­tion when at­tacked by their later ap­pear­ing en­e­mies. They grew in length from two inches to one foot and de­vel­oped into four dis­tinct groups: car­niv­o­rous, her­biv­o­rous, om­niv­o­rous, and “mud eaters.” The abil­ity of the lat­ter group largely to sub­sist on in­or­ganic mat­ter—be­ing the last mul­ti­celled an­i­mal that could—ex­plains their great in­crease and long sur­vival.

59:1.20This was the bio­geo­logic pic­ture of Uran­tia at the end of that long pe­riod of the world’s his­tory, em­brac­ing fifty mil­lion years, des­ig­nated by your ge­ol­o­gists as the Cam­brian.

59:2.4A few mil­lion years later large por­tions of the Amer­i­can con­ti­nents and Eu­rope be­gan to emerge from the wa­ter. In the West­ern Hemi­sphere only an arm of the Pa­cific Ocean re­mained over Mex­ico and the pres­ent Rocky Moun­tain re­gions, but near the close of this epoch the At­lantic and Pa­cific coasts again be­gan to sink.

59:2.5330,000,000 years ago marks the be­gin­ning of a time sec­tor of com­par­a­tive quiet all over the world, with much land again above wa­ter. The only ex­cep­tion to this reign of ter­res­trial quiet was the erup­tion of the great North Amer­i­can vol­cano of east­ern Ken­tucky, one of the great­est sin­gle vol­canic ac­tiv­i­ties the world has ever known. The ashes of this vol­cano cov­ered five hun­dred square miles to a depth of from fif­teen to twenty feet.

59:2.6320,000,000 years ago the third ma­jor flood of this pe­riod oc­curred. The wa­ters of this in­un­da­tion cov­ered all the land sub­merged by the pre­ced­ing del­uge, while ex­tend­ing far­ther in many di­rec­tions all over the Amer­i­cas and Eu­rope. East­ern North Amer­ica and west­ern Eu­rope were from 10,000 to 15,000 feet un­der wa­ter.

59:2.7310,000,000 years ago the land masses of the world were again well up ex­cept­ing the south­ern parts of North Amer­ica. Mex­ico emerged, thus cre­at­ing the Gulf Sea, which has ever since main­tained its iden­tity.

59:3.9280,000,000 years ago the con­ti­nents had largely emerged from the sec­ond Sil­urian in­un­da­tion. The rock de­posits of this sub­mer­gence are known in North Amer­ica as Ni­a­gara lime­stone be­cause this is the stra­tum of rock over which Ni­a­gara Falls now flows. This layer of rock ex­tends from the east­ern moun­tains to the Mis­sis­sippi val­ley re­gion but not far­ther west ex­cept to the south. Sev­eral lay­ers ex­tend over Canada, por­tions of South Amer­ica, Aus­tralia, and most of Eu­rope, the av­er­age thick­ness of this Ni­a­gara se­ries be­ing about six hun­dred feet. Im­me­di­ately over­ly­ing the Ni­a­gara de­posit, in many re­gions may be found a col­lec­tion of con­glom­er­ate, shale, and rock salt. This is the ac­cu­mu­la­tion of sec­ondary sub­si­dences. This salt set­tled in great la­goons which were al­ter­nately opened up to the sea and then cut off so that evap­o­ra­tion oc­curred with de­po­si­tion of salt along with other mat­ter held in so­lu­tion. In some re­gions these rock salt beds are sev­enty feet thick.

59:4.5Five mil­lion years later the land ar­eas of North and South Amer­ica, Eu­rope, Africa, north­ern Asia, and Aus­tralia were briefly in­un­dated, in North Amer­ica the sub­mer­gence at one time or an­other be­ing al­most com­plete; and the re­sult­ing lime­stone lay­ers run from 500 to 5,000 feet in thick­ness. These var­i­ous De­vo­nian seas ex­tended first in one di­rec­tion and then in an­other so that the im­mense arc­tic North Amer­i­can in­land sea found an out­let to the Pa­cific Ocean through north­ern Cal­i­for­nia.

59:4.6260,000,000 years ago, to­ward the end of this land-de­pres­sion epoch, North Amer­ica was par­tially over­spread by seas hav­ing si­mul­ta­ne­ous con­nec­tion with the Pa­cific, At­lantic, Arc­tic, and Gulf wa­ters. The de­posits of these later stages of the first De­vo­nian flood av­er­age about one thou­sand feet in thick­ness. The coral reefs char­ac­ter­iz­ing these times in­di­cate that the in­land seas were clear and shal­low. Such coral de­posits are ex­posed in the banks of the Ohio River near Louisville, Ken­tucky, and are about one hun­dred feet thick, em­brac­ing more than two hun­dred va­ri­eties. These coral for­ma­tions ex­tend through Canada and north­ern Eu­rope to the arc­tic re­gions.

59:4.7Fol­low­ing these sub­mer­gences, many of the shore lines were con­sid­er­ably el­e­vated so that the ear­lier de­posits were cov­ered by mud or shale. There is also a red sand­stone stra­tum which char­ac­ter­izes one of the De­vo­nian sed­i­men­ta­tions, and this red layer ex­tends over much of the earth’s sur­face, be­ing found in North and South Amer­ica, Eu­rope, Rus­sia, China, Africa, and Aus­tralia. Such red de­posits are sug­ges­tive of arid or semi­arid con­di­tions, but the cli­mate of this epoch was still mild and even.

59:4.15240,000,000 years ago the land over parts of both Eu­rope and North and South Amer­ica be­gan to sink. This sub­si­dence marked the ap­pear­ance of the last and least ex­ten­sive of the De­vo­nian floods. The arc­tic seas again moved south­ward over much of North Amer­ica, the At­lantic in­un­dated a large part of Eu­rope and west­ern Asia, while the south­ern Pa­cific cov­ered most of In­dia. This in­un­da­tion was slow in ap­pear­ing and equally slow in re­treat­ing. The Catskill Moun­tains along the west bank of the Hud­son River are one of the largest ge­o­logic mon­u­ments of this epoch to be found on the sur­face of North Amer­ica.

59:5.4210,000,000 years ago the warm-wa­ter arc­tic seas cov­ered most of North Amer­ica and Eu­rope. The south po­lar wa­ters in­un­dated South Amer­ica and Aus­tralia, while both Africa and Asia were highly el­e­vated.

59:5.18Through­out this epoch the moun­tains of North and South Amer­ica were ac­tive, both the An­des and the south­ern an­ces­tral Rocky Moun­tains ris­ing. The great At­lantic and Pa­cific high coastal re­gions be­gan to sink, even­tu­ally be­com­ing so eroded and sub­merged that the coast lines of both oceans with­drew to ap­prox­i­mately their pres­ent po­si­tions. The de­posits of this in­un­da­tion av­er­age about one thou­sand feet in thick­ness.

59:6.5The earth’s crust folded ex­ten­sively dur­ing these land el­e­va­tions. This was a time of con­ti­nen­tal emer­gence ex­cept for the dis­ap­pear­ance of cer­tain land bridges, in­clud­ing the con­ti­nents which had so long con­nected South Amer­ica with Africa and North Amer­ica with Eu­rope.

59:6.8Among the land an­i­mals the frogs reached their cli­max in the pre­ced­ing age and rapidly de­clined, but they sur­vived be­cause they could long live even in the dry­ing-up pools and ponds of these far-dis­tant and ex­tremely try­ing times. Dur­ing this de­clin­ing frog age, in Africa, the first step in the evo­lu­tion of the frog into the rep­tile oc­curred. And since the land masses were still con­nected, this pre­rep­til­ian crea­ture, an air breather, spread over all the world. By this time the at­mo­sphere had been so changed that it served ad­mirably to sup­port an­i­mal res­pi­ra­tion. It was soon af­ter the ar­rival of these pre­rep­til­ian frogs that North Amer­ica was tem­porar­ily iso­lated, cut off from Eu­rope, Asia, and South Amer­ica.

60:1.4Over Eu­rope, es­pe­cially Ger­many and Rus­sia, may be found de­posits of this pe­riod. In Eng­land the New Red Sand­stone be­longs to this epoch. Lime­stone was laid down in the south­ern Alps as the re­sult of a sea in­va­sion and may now be seen as the pe­cu­liar dolomite lime­stone walls, peaks, and pil­lars of those re­gions. This layer is to be found all over Africa and Aus­tralia. The Car­rara mar­ble comes from such mod­i­fied lime­stone. Noth­ing of this pe­riod will be found in the south­ern re­gions of South Amer­ica as that part of the con­ti­nent re­mained down and hence pre­sents only a wa­ter or ma­rine de­posit con­tin­u­ous with the pre­ced­ing and suc­ceed­ing epochs.

60:2.6The same po­lar sea that ex­tended so far down over North Amer­ica like­wise cov­ered all of South Amer­ica ex­cept the soon ap­pear­ing An­des Moun­tains. Most of China and Rus­sia was in­un­dated, but the wa­ter in­va­sion was great­est in Eu­rope. It was dur­ing this sub­mer­gence that the beau­ti­ful litho­graphic stone of south­ern Ger­many was laid down, those strata in which fos­sils, such as the most del­i­cate wings of olden in­sects, are pre­served as of but yes­ter­day.

60:3.4100,000,000 years ago the North Amer­i­can con­ti­nent and a part of Eu­rope were well above wa­ter. The warp­ing of the Amer­i­can con­ti­nents con­tin­ued, re­sult­ing in the meta­mor­phos­ing of the South Amer­i­can An­des and in the grad­ual el­e­va­tion of the west­ern plains of North Amer­ica. Most of Mex­ico sank be­neath the sea, and the south­ern At­lantic en­croached on the east­ern coast of South Amer­ica, even­tu­ally reach­ing the pres­ent shore line. The At­lantic and In­dian Oceans were then about as they are to­day.

60:3.6Great vol­canic ac­tions oc­curred south of the Alps and along the line of the pres­ent Cal­i­for­nia coast-range moun­tains. The great­est crustal de­for­ma­tions in mil­lions upon mil­lions of years took place in Mex­ico. Great changes also oc­curred in Eu­rope, Rus­sia, Japan, and south­ern South Amer­ica. The cli­mate be­came in­creas­ingly di­ver­si­fied.

60:3.1180,000,000 years ago great dis­tur­bances oc­curred in the earth’s crust. The west­ern ad­vance of the con­ti­nen­tal drift was com­ing to a stand­still, and the enor­mous en­ergy of the slug­gish mo­men­tum of the hin­ter con­ti­nen­tal mass up­crum­pled the Pa­cific shore line of both North and South Amer­ica and ini­ti­ated pro­found reper­cus­sional changes along the Pa­cific shores of Asia. This cir­cum­pa­cific land el­e­va­tion, which cul­mi­nated in pres­ent-day moun­tain ranges, is more than twenty-five thou­sand miles long. And the up­heavals at­ten­dant upon its birth were the great­est sur­face dis­tor­tions to take place since life ap­peared on Uran­tia. The lava flows, both above and be­low ground, were ex­ten­sive and wide­spread.

61:1.13Con­sid­er­able foraminiferal lime­stone was de­posited in Eu­ro­pean wa­ters. To­day this same stone is el­e­vated to a height of 10,000 feet in the Alps, 16,000 feet in the Hi­malayas, and 20,000 feet in Ti­bet. The chalk de­posits of this pe­riod are found along the coasts of Africa and Aus­tralia, on the west coast of South Amer­ica, and about the West In­dies.

61:2.335,000,000 years ago marks the be­gin­ning of the age of pla­cen­tal-mam­malian world dom­i­na­tion. The south­ern land bridge was ex­ten­sive, re­con­nect­ing the then enor­mous Antarc­tic con­ti­nent with South Amer­ica, South Africa, and Aus­tralia. In spite of the mass­ing of land in high lat­i­tudes, the world cli­mate re­mained rel­a­tively mild be­cause of the enor­mous in­crease in the size of the tropic seas, nor was the land el­e­vated suf­fi­ciently to pro­duce glaciers. Ex­ten­sive lava flows oc­curred in Green­land and Ice­land, some coal be­ing de­posited be­tween these lay­ers.

61:4.3For a short time all the land of the world was again joined ex­cept­ing Aus­tralia, and the last great world-wide an­i­mal mi­gra­tion took place. North Amer­ica was con­nected with both South Amer­ica and Asia, and there was a free ex­change of an­i­mal life. Asi­atic sloths, ar­madil­los, an­telopes, and bears en­tered North Amer­ica, while North Amer­i­can camels went to China. Rhinoceroses mi­grated over the whole world ex­cept Aus­tralia and South Amer­ica, but they were ex­tinct in the West­ern Hemi­sphere by the close of this pe­riod.

61:4.6The cli­mate was grad­u­ally get­ting cooler; the land plants were slowly mov­ing south­ward. At first it was the in­creas­ing cold in the north that stopped an­i­mal mi­gra­tions over the north­ern isth­muses; sub­se­quently these North Amer­i­can land bridges went down. Soon af­ter­wards the land con­nec­tion be­tween Africa and South Amer­ica fi­nally sub­merged, and the West­ern Hemi­sphere was iso­lated much as it is to­day. From this time for­ward dis­tinct types of life be­gan to de­velop in the East­ern and West­ern Hemi­spheres.

79:5.8The red and the yel­low races are the only hu­man stocks that ever achieved a high de­gree of civ­i­liza­tion apart from the in­flu­ences of the And­ites. The old­est Amerindian cul­ture was the Ona­mo­na­lon­ton cen­ter in Cal­i­for­nia, but this had long since van­ished by 35,000 B.C. In Mex­ico, Cen­tral Amer­ica, and in the moun­tains of South Amer­ica the later and more en­dur­ing civ­i­liza­tions were founded by a race pre­dom­i­nantly red but con­tain­ing a con­sid­er­able ad­mix­ture of the yel­low, or­ange, and blue.

57:8.21The in­creas­ing down­thrust of the Pa­cific Ocean op­er­ated fur­ther to up­thrust the con­ti­nen­tal land mass. Eu­rope and Africa be­gan to rise out of the Pa­cific depths along with those masses now called Aus­tralia, North and South Amer­ica, and the con­ti­nent of Antarc­tica, while the bed of the Pa­cific Ocean en­gaged in a fur­ther com­pen­satory sink­ing ad­just­ment. By the end of this pe­riod al­most one third of the earth’s sur­face con­sisted of land, all in one con­ti­nen­tal body.

58:4.3500,000,000 years ago prim­i­tive ma­rine veg­etable life was well es­tab­lished on Uran­tia. Green­land and the arc­tic land mass, to­gether with North and South Amer­ica, were be­gin­ning their long and slow west­ward drift. Africa moved slightly south, cre­at­ing an east and west trough, the Med­i­ter­ra­nean basin, be­tween it­self and the mother body. Antarc­tica, Aus­tralia, and the land in­di­cated by the is­lands of the Pa­cific broke away on the south and east and have drifted far away since that day.