slavery

• after arrival of Adams

51:4.7On most nor­mal worlds in­vol­un­tary servi­tude does not sur­vive the dis­pen­sa­tion of the Plan­e­tary Prince, al­though men­tal de­fec­tives and so­cial delin­quents are of­ten still com­pelled to per­form in­vol­un­tary la­bor. But on all nor­mal spheres this sort of prim­i­tive slav­ery is abol­ished soon af­ter the ar­rival of the im­ported vi­o­let or Adamic race.

71:2.101. Free­dom of the per­son. Slav­ery, serf­dom, and all forms of hu­man bond­age must dis­ap­pear.

71:8.53. The abo­li­tion of all forms of slav­ery and hu­man bond­age.

• in continental nation

72:5.2So­cial an­tag­o­nisms are less­en­ing, and good will is grow­ing apace. No grave eco­nomic prob­lems have arisen out of the abo­li­tion of slav­ery (over one hun­dred years ago) since this ad­just­ment was ef­fected grad­u­ally by the lib­er­a­tion of two per cent each year. Those slaves who sat­is­fac­to­rily passed men­tal, moral, and phys­i­cal tests were granted cit­i­zen­ship; many of these su­pe­rior slaves were war cap­tives or chil­dren of such cap­tives. Some fifty years ago they de­ported the last of their in­fe­rior slaves, and still more re­cently they are ad­dress­ing them­selves to the task of re­duc­ing the num­bers of their de­gen­er­ate and vi­cious classes.

51:4.6The more back­ward hu­mans are usu­ally em­ployed as la­bor­ers by the more pro­gres­sive races. This ac­counts for the ori­gin of slav­ery on the plan­ets dur­ing the early ages. The or­ange men are usu­ally sub­dued by the red and re­duced to the sta­tus of ser­vants—some­times ex­ter­mi­nated. The yel­low and red men of­ten frat­er­nize, but not al­ways. The yel­low race usu­ally en­slaves the green, while the blue man sub­dues the in­digo. These races of prim­i­tive men think no more of uti­liz­ing the ser­vices of their back­ward fel­lows in com­pul­sory la­bor than Uran­tians would of buy­ing and sell­ing horses and cat­tle.

• great advance over massacre and cannibalism

69:8.2Not long ago en­slave­ment was the lot of those mil­i­tary cap­tives who re­fused to ac­cept the con­queror’s re­li­gion. In ear­lier times cap­tives were ei­ther eaten, tor­tured to death, set to fight­ing each other, sac­ri­ficed to spir­its, or en­slaved. Slav­ery was a great ad­vance­ment over mas­sacre and can­ni­bal­ism.

69:8.3En­slave­ment was a for­ward step in the mer­ci­ful treat­ment of war cap­tives. The am­bush of Ai, with the whole­sale slaugh­ter of men, women, and chil­dren, only the king be­ing saved to grat­ify the con­queror’s van­ity, is a faith­ful pic­ture of the bar­baric slaugh­ter prac­ticed by even sup­pos­edly civ­i­lized peo­ples. The raid upon Og, the king of Bashan, was equally bru­tal and ef­fec­tive. The He­brews “ut­terly de­stroyed” their en­e­mies, tak­ing all their prop­erty as spoils. They put all cities un­der trib­ute on pain of the “de­struc­tion of all males.” But many of the con­tem­po­rary tribes, those hav­ing less tribal ego­tism, had long since be­gun to prac­tice the adop­tion of su­pe­rior cap­tives.

• compelled backward and lazy peoples to work
• indispensable link in civilization

69:8.6Slav­ery was an in­dis­pens­able link in the chain of hu­man civ­i­liza­tion. It was the bridge over which so­ci­ety passed from chaos and in­do­lence to or­der and civ­i­lized ac­tiv­i­ties; it com­pelled back­ward and lazy peo­ples to work and thus pro­vide wealth and leisure for the so­cial ad­vance­ment of their su­pe­ri­ors.

• compelled man to invent regulative society

69:8.7The in­sti­tu­tion of slav­ery com­pelled man to in­vent the reg­u­la­tive mech­a­nism of prim­i­tive so­ci­ety; it gave ori­gin to the be­gin­nings of gov­ern­ment. Slav­ery de­mands strong reg­u­la­tion and dur­ing the Eu­ro­pean Mid­dle Ages vir­tu­ally dis­ap­peared be­cause the feu­dal lords could not con­trol the slaves. The back­ward tribes of an­cient times, like the na­tive Aus­tralians of to­day, never had slaves.

• slaves eventually shared blessings of higher society

69:8.8True, slav­ery was op­pres­sive, but it was in the schools of op­pres­sion that man learned in­dus­try. Even­tu­ally the slaves shared the bless­ings of a higher so­ci­ety which they had so un­will­ingly helped cre­ate. Slav­ery cre­ates an or­ga­ni­za­tion of cul­ture and so­cial achieve­ment but soon in­sid­i­ously at­tacks so­ci­ety in­ter­nally as the gravest of all de­struc­tive so­cial mal­adies.

• great advance over massacre and cannibalism

81:2.63. The en­slave­ment of cap­tives.

• raised masters’ standard of living

81:2.13The in­sti­tu­tions of slav­ery and pri­vate own­er­ship of land came with agri­cul­ture. Slav­ery raised the mas­ter’s stan­dard of liv­ing and pro­vided more leisure for so­cial cul­ture.

• liberated captors’ wives from tilling soil

84:3.8Woman’s first lib­er­a­tion came when man con­sented to till the soil, con­sented to do what had thereto­fore been re­garded as woman’s work. It was a great step for­ward when male cap­tives were no longer killed but were en­slaved as agri­cul­tur­ists. This brought about the lib­er­a­tion of woman so that she could de­vote more time to home­mak­ing and child cul­ture.

• practice deteriorated Cro-Magnons

80:3.9These changes, while re­sult­ing in cul­tural ad­vances, pro­duced cer­tain bi­o­logic ret­ro­gres­sions. Dur­ing the pre­vi­ous hunt­ing era the su­pe­rior tribes had in­ter­mar­ried with the higher types of war cap­tives and had un­vary­ingly de­stroyed those whom they deemed in­fe­rior. But as they com­menced to es­tab­lish set­tle­ments and en­gage in agri­cul­ture and com­merce, they be­gan to save many of the mediocre cap­tives as slaves. And it was the progeny of these slaves that sub­se­quently so greatly de­te­ri­o­rated the whole Cro-Magnon type. This ret­ro­gres­sion of cul­ture con­tin­ued un­til it re­ceived a fresh im­pe­tus from the east when the fi­nal and en masse in­va­sion of the Mes­o­po­ta­mi­ans swept over Eu­rope, quickly ab­sorb­ing the Cro-Magnon type and cul­ture and ini­ti­at­ing the civ­i­liza­tion of the white races.

• Greek culture perished as result of s.

80:7.6The Aegean re­gion passed through five dis­tinct cul­tural stages, each less spir­i­tual than the pre­ced­ing, and ere­long the last glo­ri­ous era of art per­ished be­neath the weight of the rapidly mul­ti­ply­ing mediocre de­scen­dants of the Danu­bian slaves who had been im­ported by the later gen­er­a­tions of Greeks.

• Greek culture perished as result of s.

80:7.13The Greeks were not only great teach­ers and artists, they were also the world’s great­est traders and col­o­niz­ers. Be­fore suc­cumb­ing to the flood of in­fe­ri­or­ity which even­tu­ally en­gulfed their art and com­merce, they suc­ceeded in plant­ing so many out­posts of cul­ture to the west that a great many of the ad­vances in early Greek civ­i­liza­tion per­sisted in the later peo­ples of south­ern Eu­rope, and many of the mixed de­scen­dants of these Ad­am­son­ites be­came in­cor­po­rated in the tribes of the ad­ja­cent main­lands.

• Greek culture perished as result of s.

98:1.1The Salem mis­sion­ar­ies might have built up a great re­li­gious struc­ture among the Greeks had it not been for their strict in­ter­pre­ta­tion of their oath of or­di­na­tion, a pledge im­posed by Ma­chi­venta which for­bade the or­ga­ni­za­tion of ex­clu­sive con­gre­ga­tions for wor­ship, and which ex­acted the prom­ise of each teacher never to func­tion as a priest, never to re­ceive fees for re­li­gious ser­vice, only food, cloth­ing, and shel­ter. When the Mel­chiz­e­dek teach­ers pen­e­trated to pre-Hel­lenic Greece, they found a peo­ple who still fos­tered the tra­di­tions of Adam­son and the days of the And­ites, but these teach­ings had be­come greatly adul­ter­ated with the no­tions and be­liefs of the hordes of in­fe­rior slaves that had been brought to the Greek shores in in­creas­ing num­bers. This adul­ter­ation pro­duced a re­ver­sion to a crude an­i­mism with bloody rites, the lower classes even mak­ing cer­e­mo­nial out of the ex­e­cu­tion of con­demned crim­i­nals.

• Greek culture perished as result of s.

98:2.3By rig­or­ous thought the Greeks at­tempted to at­tain that con­scious­ness of se­cu­rity which would serve as a sub­sti­tute for the be­lief in sur­vival, but they ut­terly failed. Only the more in­tel­li­gent among the higher classes of the Hel­lenic peo­ples could grasp this new teach­ing; the rank and file of the progeny of the slaves of for­mer gen­er­a­tions had no ca­pac­ity for the re­cep­tion of this new sub­sti­tute for re­li­gion.

• Greek culture perished as result of s.

133:5.12The so­journ in Athens was pleas­ant and prof­itable, but it was not par­tic­u­larly fruit­ful in its hu­man con­tacts. Too many of the Athe­ni­ans of that day were ei­ther in­tel­lec­tu­ally proud of their rep­u­ta­tion of an­other day or men­tally stupid and ig­no­rant, be­ing the off­spring of the in­fe­rior slaves of those ear­lier pe­ri­ods when there was glory in Greece and wis­dom in the minds of its peo­ple. Even then, there were still many keen minds to be found among the cit­i­zens of Athens.

• reason for Roman decline

195:3.9Even a good re­li­gion could not save a great em­pire from the sure re­sults of lack of in­di­vid­ual par­tic­i­pa­tion in the af­fairs of gov­ern­ment, from over­much pa­ter­nal­ism, over­tax­a­tion and gross col­lec­tion abuses, un­bal­anced trade with the Lev­ant which drained away the gold, amuse­ment mad­ness, Ro­man stan­dard­iza­tion, the degra­da­tion of woman, slav­ery and race deca­dence, phys­i­cal plagues, and a state church which be­came in­sti­tu­tion­al­ized nearly to the point of spir­i­tual bar­ren­ness.

69:3.74. Mas­ter and slave. The next dif­fer­en­ti­a­tion of la­bor grew out of the re­la­tions of the con­queror to the con­quered, and that meant the be­gin­ning of hu­man slav­ery.

69:8.1Prim­i­tive man never hes­i­tated to en­slave his fel­lows. Woman was the first slave, a fam­ily slave. Pas­toral man en­slaved woman as his in­fe­rior sex part­ner. This sort of sex slav­ery grew di­rectly out of man’s de­creased de­pen­dence upon woman.

69:8.4The hunter, like the Amer­i­can red man, did not en­slave. He ei­ther adopted or killed his cap­tives. Slav­ery was not preva­lent among the pas­toral peo­ples, for they needed few la­bor­ers. In war the herders made a prac­tice of killing all men cap­tives and tak­ing as slaves only the women and chil­dren. The Mo­saic code con­tained spe­cific di­rec­tions for mak­ing wives of these women cap­tives. If not sat­is­fac­tory, they could be sent away, but the He­brews were not al­lowed to sell such re­jected con­sorts as slaves—that was at least one ad­vance in civ­i­liza­tion. Though the so­cial stan­dards of the He­brews were crude, they were far above those of the sur­round­ing tribes.

70:8.53. Chance—war and em­i­gra­tion re­sulted in the sep­a­rat­ing of hu­man groups. Class evo­lu­tion was pow­er­fully in­flu­enced by con­quest, the re­la­tion of the vic­tor to the van­quished, while slav­ery brought about the first gen­eral di­vi­sion of so­ci­ety into free and bond.

121:3.7Slav­ery, even of su­pe­rior peo­ples, was a fea­ture of Ro­man mil­i­tary con­quest. The power of the mas­ter over his slave was un­qual­i­fied. The early Chris­tian church was largely com­posed of the lower classes and these slaves.

69:8.5The herders were the first cap­i­tal­ists; their herds rep­re­sented cap­i­tal, and they lived on the in­ter­est—the nat­u­ral in­crease. And they were dis­in­clined to trust this wealth to the keep­ing of ei­ther slaves or women. But later on they took male pris­on­ers and forced them to cul­ti­vate the soil. This is the early ori­gin of serf­dom—man at­tached to the land. The Africans could eas­ily be taught to till the soil; hence they be­came the great slave race.

69:8.9Mod­ern me­chan­i­cal in­ven­tion ren­dered the slave ob­so­lete. Slav­ery, like polygamy, is pass­ing be­cause it does not pay. But it has al­ways proved dis­as­trous sud­denly to lib­er­ate great num­bers of slaves; less trou­ble en­sues when they are grad­u­ally eman­ci­pated.

69:8.10To­day, men are not so­cial slaves, but thou­sands al­low am­bi­tion to en­slave them to debt. In­vol­un­tary slav­ery has given way to a new and im­proved form of mod­i­fied in­dus­trial servi­tude.

69:8.11While the ideal of so­ci­ety is uni­ver­sal free­dom, idle­ness should never be tol­er­ated. All able-bod­ied per­sons should be com­pelled to do at least a self-sus­tain­ing amount of work.

69:8.12Mod­ern so­ci­ety is in re­verse. Slav­ery has nearly dis­ap­peared; do­mes­ti­cated an­i­mals are pass­ing. Civ­i­liza­tion is reach­ing back to fire—the in­or­ganic world—for power. Man came up from sav­agery by way of fire, an­i­mals, and slav­ery; to­day he reaches back, dis­card­ing the help of slaves and the as­sis­tance of an­i­mals, while he seeks to wrest new se­crets and sources of wealth and power from the el­e­men­tal store­house of na­ture.

69:5.85. Power—the crav­ing to be mas­ter. Trea­sure lend­ing was car­ried on as a means of en­slave­ment, one hun­dred per cent a year be­ing the loan rate of these an­cient times. The mon­eylen­ders made them­selves kings by cre­at­ing a stand­ing army of debtors. Bond ser­vants were among the ear­li­est form of prop­erty to be ac­cu­mu­lated, and in olden days debt slav­ery ex­tended even to the con­trol of the body af­ter death.

121:3.8Su­pe­rior slaves of­ten re­ceived wages and by sav­ing their earn­ings were able to pur­chase their free­dom. Many such eman­ci­pated slaves rose to high po­si­tions in state, church, and the busi­ness world. And it was just such pos­si­bil­i­ties that made the early Chris­tian church so tol­er­ant of this mod­i­fied form of slav­ery.

68:4.5Early man was might­ily gripped by cus­tom; the sav­age was a ver­i­ta­ble slave to us­age; but there have arisen ever and anon those vari­a­tions from type who have dared to in­au­gu­rate new ways of think­ing and im­proved meth­ods of liv­ing. Nev­er­the­less, the in­er­tia of prim­i­tive man con­sti­tutes the bi­o­logic safety brake against pre­cip­i­ta­tion too sud­denly into the ru­inous mal­ad­just­ment of a too rapidly ad­vanc­ing civ­i­liza­tion.

195:8.4It re­quired a great power, a mighty in­flu­ence, to free the think­ing and liv­ing of the West­ern peo­ples from the with­er­ing grasp of a to­tal­i­tar­ian ec­cle­si­as­ti­cal dom­i­na­tion. Sec­u­lar­ism did break the bonds of church con­trol, and now in turn it threat­ens to es­tab­lish a new and god­less type of mas­tery over the hearts and minds of mod­ern man. The tyran­ni­cal and dic­ta­to­rial po­lit­i­cal state is the di­rect off­spring of sci­en­tific ma­te­ri­al­ism and philo­sophic sec­u­lar­ism. Sec­u­lar­ism no sooner frees man from the dom­i­na­tion of the in­sti­tu­tion­al­ized church than it sells him into slav­ish bond­age to the to­tal­i­tar­ian state. Sec­u­lar­ism frees man from ec­cle­si­as­ti­cal slav­ery only to be­tray him into the tyranny of po­lit­i­cal and eco­nomic slav­ery.