protons

• protons

42:3.53. Elec­tronic mat­ter—the elec­tri­cal stage of ma­te­rial dif­fer­en­ti­a­tion—elec­trons, pro­tons, and var­i­ous other units en­ter­ing into the var­ied con­sti­tu­tion of the elec­tronic groups.

41:8.1In those suns which are en­cir­cuited in the space-en­ergy chan­nels, so­lar en­ergy is lib­er­ated by var­i­ous com­plex nu­clear-re­ac­tion chains, the most com­mon of which is the hy­dro­gen-car­bon-he­lium re­ac­tion. In this meta­mor­pho­sis, car­bon acts as an en­ergy cat­a­lyst since it is in no way ac­tu­ally changed by this pro­cess of con­vert­ing hy­dro­gen into he­lium. Un­der cer­tain con­di­tions of high tem­per­a­ture the hy­dro­gen pen­e­trates the car­bon nu­clei. Since the car­bon can­not hold more than four such pro­tons, when this sat­u­ra­tion state is at­tained, it be­gins to emit pro­tons as fast as new ones ar­rive. In this re­ac­tion the in­go­ing hy­dro­gen par­ti­cles come forth as a he­lium atom.

42:8.3The charged pro­tons and the un­charged neu­trons of the nu­cleus of the atom are held to­gether by the re­cip­ro­cat­ing func­tion of the meso­tron, a par­ti­cle of mat­ter 180 times as heavy as the elec­tron. With­out this ar­range­ment the elec­tric charge car­ried by the pro­tons would be dis­rup­tive of the atomic nu­cleus.

42:8.4As atoms are con­sti­tuted, nei­ther elec­tric nor grav­i­ta­tional forces could hold the nu­cleus to­gether. The in­tegrity of the nu­cleus is main­tained by the re­cip­ro­cal co­her­ing func­tion of the meso­tron, which is able to hold charged and un­charged par­ti­cles to­gether be­cause of su­pe­rior force-mass power and by the fur­ther func­tion of caus­ing pro­tons and neu­trons con­stantly to change places. The meso­tron causes the elec­tric charge of the nu­clear par­ti­cles to be in­ces­santly tossed back and forth be­tween pro­tons and neu­trons. At one in­finites­i­mal part of a sec­ond a given nu­clear par­ti­cle is a charged pro­ton and the next an un­charged neu­tron. And these al­ter­na­tions of en­ergy sta­tus are so un­be­liev­ably rapid that the elec­tric charge is de­prived of all op­por­tu­nity to func­tion as a dis­rup­tive in­flu­ence. Thus does the meso­tron func­tion as an “en­ergy-car­rier” par­ti­cle which might­ily con­tributes to the nu­clear sta­bil­ity of the atom.

42:7.7In Or­von­ton it has never been pos­si­ble nat­u­rally to as­sem­ble over one hun­dred or­bital elec­trons in one atomic sys­tem. When one hun­dred and one have been ar­ti­fi­cially in­tro­duced into the or­bital field, the re­sult has al­ways been the in­stan­ta­neous dis­rup­tion of the cen­tral pro­ton with the wild dis­per­sion of the elec­trons and other lib­er­ated en­er­gies.

42:6.7Each atom is a tri­fle over 1/100,000,000^th of an inch in di­am­e­ter, while an elec­tron weighs a lit­tle more than 1/2,000^th of the small­est atom, hy­dro­gen. The pos­i­tive pro­ton, char­ac­ter­is­tic of the atomic nu­cleus, while it may be no larger than a neg­a­tive elec­tron, weighs al­most two thou­sand times more.

42:6.8If the mass of mat­ter should be mag­ni­fied un­til that of an elec­tron equaled one tenth of an ounce, then were size to be pro­por­tion­ately mag­ni­fied, the vol­ume of such an elec­tron would be­come as large as that of the earth. If the vol­ume of a pro­ton—eigh­teen hun­dred times as heavy as an elec­tron—should be mag­ni­fied to the size of the head of a pin, then, in com­par­i­son, a pin’s head would at­tain a di­am­e­ter equal to that of the earth’s or­bit around the sun.

42:7.2Within the atom the elec­trons re­volve about the cen­tral pro­ton with about the same com­par­a­tive room the plan­ets have as they re­volve about the sun in the space of the so­lar sys­tem. There is the same rel­a­tive dis­tance, in com­par­i­son with ac­tual size, be­tween the atomic nu­cleus and the in­ner elec­tronic cir­cuit as ex­ists be­tween the in­ner planet, Mer­cury, and your sun.