North America

60:4.1The great Cre­ta­ceous pe­riod was draw­ing to a close, and its ter­mi­na­tion marks the end of the great sea in­va­sions of the con­ti­nents. Par­tic­u­larly is this true of North Amer­ica, where there had been just twenty-four great in­un­da­tions. And though there were sub­se­quent mi­nor sub­mer­gences, none of these can be com­pared with the ex­ten­sive and lengthy ma­rine in­va­sions of this and pre­vi­ous ages. These al­ter­nate pe­ri­ods of land and sea dom­i­nance have oc­curred in mil­lion-year cy­cles. There has been an age­long rhythm as­so­ci­ated with this rise and fall of ocean floor and con­ti­nen­tal land lev­els. And these same rhyth­mi­cal crustal move­ments will con­tinue from this time on through­out the earth’s his­tory but with di­min­ish­ing fre­quency and ex­tent.

79:5.7The North Amer­i­can In­di­ans never came in con­tact with even the And­ite off­spring of Adam and Eve, hav­ing been dis­pos­sessed of their Asi­atic home­lands some fifty thou­sand years be­fore the com­ing of Adam. Dur­ing the age of And­ite mi­gra­tions the pure red strains were spread­ing out over North Amer­ica as no­madic tribes, hunters who prac­ticed agri­cul­ture to a small ex­tent. These races and cul­tural groups re­mained al­most com­pletely iso­lated from the re­main­der of the world from their ar­rival in the Amer­i­cas down to the end of the first mil­len­nium of the Chris­tian era, when they were dis­cov­ered by the white races of Eu­rope. Up to that time the Es­ki­mos were the near­est to white men the north­ern tribes of red men had ever seen.

81:6.4At the open­ing of the And­ite era there were only two ex­ten­sive and fer­tile open hunt­ing ar­eas in all the world. One was in North Amer­ica and was over­spread by the Amerinds; the other was to the north of Tur­kes­tan and was partly oc­cu­pied by an An­donic-yel­low race. The de­ci­sive fac­tors in the evo­lu­tion of a su­pe­rior cul­ture in south­west­ern Asia were race and cli­mate. The And­ites were a great peo­ple, but the cru­cial fac­tor in de­ter­min­ing the course of their civ­i­liza­tion was the in­creas­ing arid­ity of Iran, Tur­kes­tan, and Sinkiang, which forced them to in­vent and adopt new and ad­vanced meth­ods of wrest­ing a liveli­hood from their de­creas­ingly fer­tile lands.

80:9.16This Eu­ro­pean cul­ture for five thou­sand years con­tin­ued to grow and to some ex­tent in­ter­min­gle. But the bar­rier of lan­guage pre­vented the full re­cip­ro­ca­tion of the var­i­ous Oc­ci­den­tal na­tions. Dur­ing the past cen­tury this cul­ture has been ex­pe­ri­enc­ing its best op­por­tu­nity for blend­ing in the cos­mopoli­tan pop­u­la­tion of North Amer­ica; and the fu­ture of that con­ti­nent will be de­ter­mined by the qual­ity of the racial fac­tors which are per­mit­ted to en­ter into its pres­ent and fu­ture pop­u­la­tions, as well as by the level of the so­cial cul­ture which is main­tained.

59:5.20180,000,000 years ago brought the close of the Car­bonif­er­ous pe­riod, dur­ing which coal had been formed all over the world—in Eu­rope, In­dia, China, North Africa, and the Amer­i­cas. At the close of the coal-for­ma­tion pe­riod North Amer­ica east of the Mis­sis­sippi val­ley rose, and most of this sec­tion has ever since re­mained above the sea. This land-el­e­va­tion pe­riod marks the be­gin­ning of the mod­ern moun­tains of North Amer­ica, both in the Ap­palachian re­gions and in the west. Vol­ca­noes were ac­tive in Alaska and Cal­i­for­nia and in the moun­tain-form­ing re­gions of Eu­rope and Asia. East­ern Amer­ica and west­ern Eu­rope were con­nected by the con­ti­nent of Green­land.

61:1.12Dur­ing the lat­ter part of this epoch most of Eu­rope was sub­merged. Fol­low­ing a slight land rise the con­ti­nent was cov­ered by lakes and bays. The Arc­tic Ocean, through the Ural de­pres­sion, ran south to con­nect with the Med­i­ter­ra­nean Sea as it was then ex­panded north­ward, the high­lands of the Alps, Carpathi­ans, Apen­nines, and Pyre­nees be­ing up above the wa­ter as is­lands of the sea. The Isth­mus of Panama was up; the At­lantic and Pa­cific Oceans were sep­a­rated. North Amer­ica was con­nected with Asia by the Bering Strait land bridge and with Eu­rope by way of Green­land and Ice­land. The earth cir­cuit of land in north­ern lat­i­tudes was bro­ken only by the Ural Straits, which con­nected the arc­tic seas with the en­larged Med­i­ter­ra­nean.

61:3.10Mam­malian life con­tin­ued to evolve. Enor­mous herds of horses joined the camels on the west­ern plains of North Amer­ica; this was truly the age of horses as well as of ele­phants. The horse’s brain is next in an­i­mal qual­ity to that of the ele­phant, but in one re­spect it is de­cid­edly in­fe­rior, for the horse never fully over­came the deep-seated propen­sity to flee when fright­ened. The horse lacks the emo­tional con­trol of the ele­phant, while the ele­phant is greatly hand­i­capped by size and lack of agility. Dur­ing this pe­riod an an­i­mal evolved which was some­what like both the ele­phant and the horse, but it was soon de­stroyed by the rapidly in­creas­ing cat fam­ily.

81:6.5The con­fig­u­ra­tion of con­ti­nents and other land-ar­range­ment sit­u­a­tions are very in­flu­en­tial in de­ter­min­ing peace or war. Very few Uran­tians have ever had such a fa­vor­able op­por­tu­nity for con­tin­u­ous and un­mo­lested de­vel­op­ment as has been en­joyed by the peo­ples of North Amer­ica—pro­tected on prac­ti­cally all sides by vast oceans.

79:5.8The red and the yel­low races are the only hu­man stocks that ever achieved a high de­gree of civ­i­liza­tion apart from the in­flu­ences of the And­ites. The old­est Amerindian cul­ture was the Ona­mo­na­lon­ton cen­ter in Cal­i­for­nia, but this had long since van­ished by 35,000 B.C. In Mex­ico, Cen­tral Amer­ica, and in the moun­tains of South Amer­ica the later and more en­dur­ing civ­i­liza­tions were founded by a race pre­dom­i­nantly red but con­tain­ing a con­sid­er­able ad­mix­ture of the yel­low, or­ange, and blue.

59:0.9The con­ti­nent of North Amer­ica is won­der­fully rich in the fos­sil-bear­ing de­posits of the en­tire ma­rine-life era. The very first and old­est lay­ers are sep­a­rated from the later strata of the pre­ced­ing pe­riod by ex­ten­sive ero­sion de­posits which clearly seg­re­gate these two stages of plan­e­tary de­vel­op­ment.

57:8.21The in­creas­ing down­thrust of the Pa­cific Ocean op­er­ated fur­ther to up­thrust the con­ti­nen­tal land mass. Eu­rope and Africa be­gan to rise out of the Pa­cific depths along with those masses now called Aus­tralia, North and South Amer­ica, and the con­ti­nent of Antarc­tica, while the bed of the Pa­cific Ocean en­gaged in a fur­ther com­pen­satory sink­ing ad­just­ment. By the end of this pe­riod al­most one third of the earth’s sur­face con­sisted of land, all in one con­ti­nen­tal body.

58:4.3500,000,000 years ago prim­i­tive ma­rine veg­etable life was well es­tab­lished on Uran­tia. Green­land and the arc­tic land mass, to­gether with North and South Amer­ica, were be­gin­ning their long and slow west­ward drift. Africa moved slightly south, cre­at­ing an east and west trough, the Med­i­ter­ra­nean basin, be­tween it­self and the mother body. Antarc­tica, Aus­tralia, and the land in­di­cated by the is­lands of the Pa­cific broke away on the south and east and have drifted far away since that day.

64:6.4In later times they had se­ri­ous and pro­longed trou­ble with their yel­low breth­ren in Asia. They were aided by their early in­ven­tion of the bow and ar­row, but they had un­for­tu­nately in­her­ited much of the ten­dency of their an­ces­tors to fight among them­selves, and this so weak­ened them that the yel­low tribes were able to drive them off the Asi­atic con­ti­nent.

64:6.143. The yel­low man. The prim­i­tive yel­low tribes were the first to aban­don the chase, es­tab­lish set­tled com­mu­ni­ties, and de­velop a home life based on agri­cul­ture. In­tel­lec­tu­ally they were some­what in­fe­rior to the red man, but so­cially and col­lec­tively they proved them­selves su­pe­rior to all of the San­gik peo­ples in the mat­ter of fos­ter­ing racial civ­i­liza­tion. Be­cause they de­vel­oped a fra­ter­nal spirit, the var­i­ous tribes learn­ing to live to­gether in rel­a­tive peace, they were able to drive the red race be­fore them as they grad­u­ally ex­panded into Asia.

64:7.4The red men early be­gan to mi­grate to the north­east, on the heels of the re­treat­ing ice, pass­ing around the high­lands of In­dia and oc­cu­py­ing all of north­east­ern Asia. They were closely fol­lowed by the yel­low tribes, who sub­se­quently drove them out of Asia into North Amer­ica.

64:7.5When the rel­a­tively pure-line rem­nants of the red race for­sook Asia, there were eleven tribes, and they num­bered a lit­tle over seven thou­sand men, women, and chil­dren. These tribes were ac­com­pa­nied by three small groups of mixed an­ces­try, the largest of these be­ing a com­bi­na­tion of the or­ange and blue races. These three groups never fully frat­er­nized with the red man and early jour­neyed south­ward to Mex­ico and Cen­tral Amer­ica, where they were later joined by a small group of mixed yel­lows and reds. These peo­ples all in­ter­mar­ried and founded a new and amal­ga­mated race, one which was much less war­like than the pure-line red men. Within five thou­sand years this amal­ga­mated race broke up into three groups, es­tab­lish­ing the civ­i­liza­tions re­spec­tively of Mex­ico, Cen­tral Amer­ica, and South Amer­ica. The South Amer­i­can off­shoot did re­ceive a faint touch of the blood of Adam.