industry

• manufacturing encouraged by Prince’s staff

66:5.115. The com­mis­sion on in­dus­try and trade. This coun­cil was em­ployed in fos­ter­ing in­dus­try within the tribes and in pro­mot­ing trade be­tween the var­i­ous peace groups. Its leader was Nod. Ev­ery form of prim­i­tive man­u­fac­ture was en­cour­aged by this corps. They con­tributed di­rectly to the el­e­va­tion of stan­dards of liv­ing by pro­vid­ing many new com­modi­ties to at­tract the fancy of prim­i­tive men. They greatly ex­panded the trade in the im­proved salt pro­duced by the coun­cil on sci­ence and art.

66:5.12It was among these en­light­ened groups ed­u­cated in the Dala­ma­tia schools that the first com­mer­cial credit was prac­ticed. From a cen­tral ex­change of cred­its they se­cured to­kens which were ac­cepted in lieu of the ac­tual ob­jects of barter. The world did not im­prove upon these busi­ness meth­ods for hun­dreds of thou­sands of years.

66:5.136. The col­lege of re­vealed re­li­gion. This body was slow in func­tion­ing. Uran­tia civ­i­liza­tion was lit­er­ally forged out be­tween the anvil of ne­ces­sity and the ham­mers of fear. But this group had made con­sid­er­able prog­ress in their at­tempt to sub­sti­tute Cre­ator fear for crea­ture fear (ghost wor­ship) be­fore their labors were in­ter­rupted by the later con­fu­sion at­ten­dant upon the se­ces­sion up­heaval. The head of this coun­cil was Hap.

66:5.14None of the Prince’s staff would pre­sent rev­e­la­tion to com­pli­cate evo­lu­tion; they pre­sented rev­e­la­tion only as the cli­max of their ex­haus­tion of the forces of evo­lu­tion. But Hap did yield to the de­sire of the in­hab­i­tants of the city for the es­tab­lish­ment of a form of re­li­gious ser­vice. His group pro­vided the Dala­ma­tians with the seven chants of wor­ship and also gave them the daily praise-phrase and even­tu­ally taught them “the Fa­ther’s prayer,” which was:

66:5.15“Fa­ther of all, whose Son we honor, look down upon us with fa­vor. De­liver us from the fear of all save you. Make us a plea­sure to our di­vine teach­ers and for­ever put truth on our lips. De­liver us from vi­o­lence and anger; give us re­spect for our el­ders and that which be­longs to our neigh­bors. Give us this sea­son green pas­tures and fruit­ful flocks to glad­den our hearts. We pray for the has­ten­ing of the com­ing of the prom­ised up­lifter, and we would do your will on this world as oth­ers do on worlds be­yond.”

66:5.16Al­though the Prince’s staff were lim­ited to nat­u­ral means and or­di­nary meth­ods of race im­prove­ment, they held out the prom­ise of the Adamic gift of a new race as the goal of sub­se­quent evo­lu­tion­ary growth upon the at­tain­ment of the height of bi­o­logic de­vel­op­ment.

66:5.177. The guard­i­ans of health and life. This coun­cil was con­cerned with the in­tro­duc­tion of san­i­ta­tion and the pro­mo­tion of prim­i­tive hy­giene and was led by Lut.

66:5.18Its mem­bers taught much that was lost dur­ing the con­fu­sion of sub­se­quent ages, never to be re­dis­cov­ered un­til the twen­ti­eth cen­tury. They taught man­kind that cook­ing, boil­ing and roast­ing, was a means of avoid­ing sick­ness; also that such cook­ing greatly re­duced in­fant mor­tal­ity and fa­cil­i­tated early wean­ing.

66:5.19Many of the early teach­ings of Lut’s guard­i­ans of health per­sisted among the tribes of earth on down to the days of Moses, even though they be­came much gar­bled and were greatly changed.

66:5.20The great ob­sta­cle in the way of pro­mot­ing hy­giene among these ig­no­rant peo­ples con­sisted in the fact that the real causes of many dis­eases were too small to be seen by the naked eye, and also be­cause they all held fire in su­per­sti­tious re­gard. It re­quired thou­sands of years to per­suade them to burn refuse. In the mean­time they were urged to bury their de­cay­ing rub­bish. The great san­i­tary ad­vance of this epoch came from the dis­sem­i­na­tion of knowl­edge re­gard­ing the health-giv­ing and dis­ease-de­stroy­ing prop­er­ties of sun­light.

66:5.21Be­fore the Prince’s ar­rival, bathing had been an ex­clu­sively re­li­gious cer­e­mo­nial. It was in­deed dif­fi­cult to per­suade prim­i­tive men to wash their bod­ies as a health prac­tice. Lut fi­nally in­duced the re­li­gious teach­ers to in­clude cleans­ing with wa­ter as a part of the pu­rifi­ca­tion cer­e­monies to be prac­ticed in con­nec­tion with the noon­time de­vo­tions, once a week, in the wor­ship of the Fa­ther of all.

66:5.22These guard­i­ans of health also sought to in­tro­duce hand­shak­ing in sub­sti­tu­tion for saliva ex­change or blood drink­ing as a seal of per­sonal friend­ship and as a to­ken of group loy­alty. But when out from un­der the com­pelling pres­sure of the teach­ings of their su­pe­rior lead­ers, these prim­i­tive peo­ples were not slow in re­vert­ing to their for­mer health-de­stroy­ing and dis­ease-breed­ing prac­tices of ig­no­rance and su­per­sti­tion.

66:5.238. The plan­e­tary coun­cil on art and sci­ence. This corps did much to im­prove the in­dus­trial tech­nique of early man and to el­e­vate his con­cepts of beauty. Their leader was Mek.

66:5.24Art and sci­ence were at a low ebb through­out the world, but the rudi­ments of physics and chem­istry were taught the Dala­ma­tians. Pot­tery was ad­vanced, dec­o­ra­tive arts were all im­proved, and the ide­als of hu­man beauty were greatly en­hanced. But mu­sic made lit­tle prog­ress un­til af­ter the ar­rival of the vi­o­let race.

66:5.25These prim­i­tive men would not con­sent to ex­per­i­ment with steam power, not­with­stand­ing the re­peated urg­ings of their teach­ers; never could they over­come their great fear of the ex­plo­sive power of con­fined steam. They were, how­ever, fi­nally per­suaded to work with met­als and fire, al­though a piece of red-hot metal was a ter­ror­iz­ing ob­ject to early man.

66:5.26Mek did a great deal to ad­vance the cul­ture of the An­don­ites and to im­prove the art of the blue man. A blend of the blue man with the An­don stock pro­duced an ar­tis­ti­cally gifted type, and many of them be­came mas­ter sculp­tors. They did not work in stone or mar­ble, but their works of clay, hard­ened by bak­ing, adorned the gar­dens of Dala­ma­tia.

66:5.27Great prog­ress was made in the home arts, most of which were lost in the long and dark ages of re­bel­lion, never to be re­dis­cov­ered un­til mod­ern times.

69:2.1Prim­i­tive in­dus­try slowly grew up as an in­sur­ance against the ter­rors of famine. Early in his ex­is­tence man be­gan to draw lessons from some of the an­i­mals that, dur­ing a har­vest of plenty, store up food against the days of scarcity.

69:2.2Be­fore the dawn of early fru­gal­ity and prim­i­tive in­dus­try the lot of the av­er­age tribe was one of des­ti­tu­tion and real suf­fer­ing. Early man had to com­pete with the whole an­i­mal world for his food. Com­pe­ti­tion-grav­ity ever pulls man down to­ward the beast level; pov­erty is his nat­u­ral and tyran­ni­cal es­tate. Wealth is not a nat­u­ral gift; it re­sults from la­bor, knowl­edge, and or­ga­ni­za­tion.

69:2.3Prim­i­tive man was not slow to rec­og­nize the ad­van­tages of as­so­ci­a­tion. As­so­ci­a­tion led to or­ga­ni­za­tion, and the first re­sult of or­ga­ni­za­tion was di­vi­sion of la­bor, with its im­me­di­ate sav­ing of time and ma­te­ri­als. These spe­cial­iza­tions of la­bor arose by adap­ta­tion to pres­sure—pur­su­ing the paths of less­ened re­sis­tance. Prim­i­tive sav­ages never did any real work cheer­fully or will­ingly. With them con­for­mity was due to the co­er­cion of ne­ces­sity.

69:2.4Prim­i­tive man dis­liked hard work, and he would not hurry un­less con­fronted by grave dan­ger. The time el­e­ment in la­bor, the idea of do­ing a given task within a cer­tain time limit, is en­tirely a mod­ern no­tion. The an­cients were never rushed. It was the dou­ble de­mands of the in­tense strug­gle for ex­is­tence and of the ever-ad­vanc­ing stan­dards of liv­ing that drove the nat­u­rally in­ac­tive races of early man into av­enues of in­dus­try.

69:2.5La­bor, the ef­forts of de­sign, dis­tin­guishes man from the beast, whose ex­er­tions are largely in­stinc­tive. The ne­ces­sity for la­bor is man’s paramount bless­ing. The Prince’s staff all worked; they did much to en­no­ble phys­i­cal la­bor on Uran­tia. Adam was a gar­dener; the God of the He­brews la­bored—he was the cre­ator and up­holder of all things. The He­brews were the first tribe to put a su­preme pre­mium on in­dus­try; they were the first peo­ple to de­cree that “he who does not work shall not eat.” But many of the re­li­gions of the world re­verted to the early ideal of idle­ness. Jupiter was a rev­eler, and Bud­dha be­came a re­flec­tive devo­tee of leisure.

69:2.6The San­gik tribes were fairly in­dus­tri­ous when re­sid­ing away from the trop­ics. But there was a long, long strug­gle be­tween the lazy devo­tees of magic and the apos­tles of work—those who ex­er­cised fore­sight.

69:2.7The first hu­man fore­sight was di­rected to­ward the preser­va­tion of fire, wa­ter, and food. But prim­i­tive man was a nat­u­ral-born gam­bler; he al­ways wanted to get some­thing for noth­ing, and all too of­ten dur­ing these early times the suc­cess which ac­crued from pa­tient prac­tice was at­tributed to charms. Magic was slow to give way be­fore fore­sight, self-de­nial, and in­dus­try.

• development required government

70:0.1No sooner had man par­tially solved the prob­lem of mak­ing a liv­ing than he was con­fronted with the task of reg­u­lat­ing hu­man con­tacts. The de­vel­op­ment of in­dus­try de­manded law, or­der, and so­cial ad­just­ment; pri­vate prop­erty ne­ces­si­tated gov­ern­ment.

• in continental nation

72:2.163. In­dus­trial courts—the ju­ris­dic­tional tri­bu­nals vested with full au­thor­ity for the set­tle­ment of all eco­nomic mis­un­der­stand­ings.

72:5.1The in­dus­trial sit­u­a­tion among this peo­ple is far from their ide­als; cap­i­tal and la­bor still have their trou­bles, but both are be­com­ing ad­justed to the plan of sin­cere co-op­er­a­tion. On this unique con­ti­nent the work­ers are in­creas­ingly be­com­ing share­hold­ers in all in­dus­trial con­cerns; ev­ery in­tel­li­gent la­borer is slowly be­com­ing a small cap­i­tal­ist.

72:5.2So­cial an­tag­o­nisms are less­en­ing, and good will is grow­ing apace. No grave eco­nomic prob­lems have arisen out of the abo­li­tion of slav­ery (over one hun­dred years ago) since this ad­just­ment was ef­fected grad­u­ally by the lib­er­a­tion of two per cent each year. Those slaves who sat­is­fac­to­rily passed men­tal, moral, and phys­i­cal tests were granted cit­i­zen­ship; many of these su­pe­rior slaves were war cap­tives or chil­dren of such cap­tives. Some fifty years ago they de­ported the last of their in­fe­rior slaves, and still more re­cently they are ad­dress­ing them­selves to the task of re­duc­ing the num­bers of their de­gen­er­ate and vi­cious classes.

72:5.3These peo­ple have re­cently de­vel­oped new tech­niques for the ad­just­ment of in­dus­trial mis­un­der­stand­ings and for the cor­rec­tion of eco­nomic abuses which are marked im­prove­ments over their older meth­ods of set­tling such prob­lems. Vi­o­lence has been out­lawed as a pro­ce­dure in ad­just­ing ei­ther per­sonal or in­dus­trial dif­fer­ences. Wages, prof­its, and other eco­nomic prob­lems are not rigidly reg­u­lated, but they are in gen­eral con­trolled by the in­dus­trial leg­is­la­tures, while all dis­putes aris­ing out of in­dus­try are passed upon by the in­dus­trial courts.

72:5.4The in­dus­trial courts are only thirty years old but are func­tion­ing very sat­is­fac­to­rily. The most re­cent de­vel­op­ment pro­vides that here­after the in­dus­trial courts shall rec­og­nize le­gal com­pen­sa­tion as falling in three di­vi­sions:

72:5.51. Le­gal rates of in­ter­est on in­vested cap­i­tal.

72:5.62. Rea­son­able salary for skill em­ployed in in­dus­trial op­er­a­tions.

72:5.73. Fair and eq­ui­table wages for la­bor.

72:5.8These shall first be met in ac­cor­dance with con­tract, or in the face of de­creased earn­ings they shall share pro­por­tion­ally in tran­sient re­duc­tion. And there­after all earn­ings in ex­cess of these fixed charges shall be re­garded as div­i­dends and shall be pro­rated to all three di­vi­sions: cap­i­tal, skill, and la­bor.

72:5.9Ev­ery ten years the re­gional ex­ec­u­tives ad­just and de­cree the law­ful hours of daily gain­ful toil. In­dus­try now op­er­ates on a five-day week, work­ing four and play­ing one. These peo­ple la­bor six hours each work­ing day and, like stu­dents, nine months in the year of ten. Va­ca­tion is usu­ally spent in travel, and new meth­ods of trans­porta­tion hav­ing been so re­cently de­vel­oped, the whole na­tion is travel bent. The cli­mate fa­vors travel about eight months in the year, and they are mak­ing the most of their op­por­tu­ni­ties.

72:5.10Two hun­dred years ago the profit mo­tive was wholly dom­i­nant in in­dus­try, but to­day it is be­ing rapidly dis­placed by other and higher driv­ing forces. Com­pe­ti­tion is keen on this con­ti­nent, but much of it has been trans­ferred from in­dus­try to play, skill, sci­en­tific achieve­ment, and in­tel­lec­tual at­tain­ment. It is most ac­tive in so­cial ser­vice and gov­ern­men­tal loy­alty. Among this peo­ple pub­lic ser­vice is rapidly be­com­ing the chief goal of am­bi­tion. The rich­est man on the con­ti­nent works six hours a day in the of­fice of his ma­chine shop and then has­tens over to the lo­cal branch of the school of states­man­ship, where he seeks to qual­ify for pub­lic ser­vice.

72:5.11La­bor is be­com­ing more hon­or­able on this con­ti­nent, and all able-bod­ied cit­i­zens over eigh­teen work ei­ther at home and on farms, at some rec­og­nized in­dus­try, on the pub­lic works where the tem­porar­ily un­em­ployed are ab­sorbed, or else in the corps of com­pul­sory la­bor­ers in the mines.

72:5.12These peo­ple are also be­gin­ning to fos­ter a new form of so­cial dis­gust—dis­gust for both idle­ness and un­earned wealth. Slowly but cer­tainly they are con­quer­ing their ma­chines. Once they, too, strug­gled for po­lit­i­cal lib­erty and sub­se­quently for eco­nomic free­dom. Now are they en­ter­ing upon the en­joy­ment of both while in ad­di­tion they are be­gin­ning to ap­pre­ci­ate their well-earned leisure, which can be de­voted to in­creased self-re­al­iza­tion.

• in continental nation

72:7.91. Im­port du­ties. All im­ports are sub­ject to a tar­iff de­signed to pro­tect the stan­dard of liv­ing on this con­ti­nent, which is far above that of any other na­tion on the planet. These tar­iffs are set by the high­est in­dus­trial court af­ter both houses of the in­dus­trial congress have rat­i­fied the rec­om­men­da­tions of the chief ex­ec­u­tive of eco­nomic af­fairs, who is the joint ap­pointee of these two leg­isla­tive bod­ies. The up­per in­dus­trial house is elected by la­bor, the lower by cap­i­tal.

• Adam fostered manufacturing, trade relations with outside world

74:5.3All went fairly well for a time on Uran­tia, and it ap­peared that Adam would, even­tu­ally, be able to de­velop some plan for pro­mot­ing the grad­ual ex­ten­sion of the Edenic civ­i­liza­tion. Pur­suant to the ad­vice of the Mel­chiz­e­deks, he be­gan to fos­ter the arts of man­u­fac­ture with the idea of de­vel­op­ing trade re­la­tions with the out­side world. When Eden was dis­rupted, there were over one hun­dred prim­i­tive man­u­fac­tur­ing plants in op­er­a­tion, and ex­ten­sive trade re­la­tions with the near-by tribes had been es­tab­lished.

• Andites contributed manufacturing

78:5.8The mi­gra­tory con­quests of the And­ites con­tin­ued on down to their fi­nal dis­per­sions, from 8000 to 6000 B.C. As they poured out of Mes­o­po­ta­mia, they con­tin­u­ously de­pleted the bi­o­logic re­serves of their home­lands while markedly strength­en­ing the sur­round­ing peo­ples. And to ev­ery na­tion to which they jour­neyed, they con­tributed hu­mor, art, ad­ven­ture, mu­sic, and man­u­fac­ture. They were skill­ful do­mes­ti­ca­tors of an­i­mals and ex­pert agri­cul­tur­ists. For the time be­ing, at least, their pres­ence usu­ally im­proved the re­li­gious be­liefs and moral prac­tices of the older races. And so the cul­ture of Mes­o­po­ta­mia qui­etly spread out over Eu­rope, In­dia, China, north­ern Africa, and the Pa­cific Is­lands.

• manufacturing in China from 10,000 B.C.

79:7.5The Chi­nese peo­ple did not be­gin to build cities and en­gage in man­u­fac­ture un­til af­ter 10,000 B.C., sub­se­quent to the cli­matic changes in Tur­kes­tan and the ar­rival of the later And­ite im­mi­grants. The in­fu­sion of this new blood did not add so much to the civ­i­liza­tion of the yel­low man as it stim­u­lated the fur­ther and rapid de­vel­op­ment of the la­tent ten­den­cies of the su­pe­rior Chi­nese stocks. From Ho­nan to Shensi the po­ten­tials of an ad­vanced civ­i­liza­tion were com­ing to fruit. Met­al­work­ing and all the arts of man­u­fac­ture date from these days.

• amazing creativity of American i.

195:8.7To the sec­u­lar­is­tic re­volt you owe the amaz­ing cre­ativ­ity of Amer­i­can in­dus­tri­al­ism and the un­prece­dented ma­te­rial prog­ress of West­ern civ­i­liza­tion. And be­cause the sec­u­lar­is­tic re­volt went too far and lost sight of God and true re­li­gion, there also fol­lowed the un­looked-for har­vest of world wars and in­ter­na­tional un­set­tled­ness.

120:3.4“3. In your re­la­tions to the so­cial or­der we ad­vise that you con­fine your ef­forts largely to spir­i­tual re­gen­er­a­tion and in­tel­lec­tual eman­ci­pa­tion. Avoid all en­tan­gle­ments with the eco­nomic struc­ture and the po­lit­i­cal com­mit­ments of your day. More es­pe­cially de­vote your­self to liv­ing the ideal re­li­gious life on Uran­tia.

52:3.6The re­sult of the gift of the Adamic life plasm to the mor­tal races is an im­me­di­ate up­step­ping of in­tel­lec­tual ca­pac­ity and an ac­cel­er­a­tion of spir­i­tual prog­ress. There is usu­ally some phys­i­cal im­prove­ment also. On an av­er­age world the post-Adamic dis­pen­sa­tion is an age of great in­ven­tion, en­ergy con­trol, and me­chan­i­cal de­vel­op­ment. This is the era of the ap­pear­ance of mul­ti­form man­u­fac­ture and the con­trol of nat­u­ral forces; it is the golden age of ex­plo­ration and the fi­nal sub­du­ing of the planet. Much of the ma­te­rial prog­ress of a world oc­curs dur­ing this time of the in­au­gu­ra­tion of the de­vel­op­ment of the phys­i­cal sci­ences, just such an epoch as Uran­tia is now ex­pe­ri­enc­ing. Your world is a full dis­pen­sa­tion and more be­hind the av­er­age plan­e­tary sched­ule.

84:5.7Sci­ence, not re­li­gion, re­ally eman­ci­pated woman; it was the mod­ern fac­tory which largely set her free from the con­fines of the home. Man’s phys­i­cal abil­i­ties be­came no longer a vi­tal es­sen­tial in the new main­te­nance mech­a­nism; sci­ence so changed the con­di­tions of liv­ing that man power was no longer so su­pe­rior to woman power.

84:5.8These changes have tended to­ward woman’s lib­er­a­tion from do­mes­tic slav­ery and have brought about such a mod­i­fi­ca­tion of her sta­tus that she now en­joys a de­gree of per­sonal lib­erty and sex de­ter­mi­na­tion that prac­ti­cally equals man’s. Once a woman’s value con­sisted in her food-pro­duc­ing abil­ity, but in­ven­tion and wealth have en­abled her to cre­ate a new world in which to func­tion—spheres of grace and charm. Thus has in­dus­try won its un­con­scious and un­in­tended fight for woman’s so­cial and eco­nomic eman­ci­pa­tion. And again has evo­lu­tion suc­ceeded in do­ing what even rev­e­la­tion failed to ac­com­plish.

70:2.11The na­tions of Uran­tia have al­ready en­tered upon the gi­gan­tic strug­gle be­tween na­tion­al­is­tic mil­i­tarism and in­dus­tri­al­ism, and in many ways this con­flict is anal­o­gous to the age­long strug­gle be­tween the herder-hunter and the farmer. But if in­dus­tri­al­ism is to tri­umph over mil­i­tarism, it must avoid the dan­gers which be­set it. The per­ils of bud­ding in­dus­try on Uran­tia are:

70:2.121. The strong drift to­ward ma­te­ri­al­ism, spir­i­tual blind­ness.

70:2.132. The wor­ship of wealth-power, value dis­tor­tion.

70:2.143. The vices of lux­ury, cul­tural im­ma­tu­rity.

70:2.154. The in­creas­ing dan­gers of in­do­lence, ser­vice in­sen­si­tiv­ity.

70:2.165. The growth of un­de­sir­able racial soft­ness, bi­o­logic de­te­ri­o­ra­tion.

70:2.176. The threat of stan­dard­ized in­dus­trial slav­ery, per­son­al­ity stag­na­tion. La­bor is en­nobling but drudgery is be­numb­ing.

70:2.18Mil­i­tarism is au­to­cratic and cruel—sav­age. It pro­motes so­cial or­ga­ni­za­tion among the con­querors but dis­in­te­grates the van­quished. In­dus­tri­al­ism is more civ­i­lized and should be so car­ried on as to pro­mote ini­tia­tive and to en­cour­age in­di­vid­u­al­ism. So­ci­ety should in ev­ery way pos­si­ble fos­ter orig­i­nal­ity.

71:5.2The ideal state un­der­takes to reg­u­late so­cial con­duct only enough to take vi­o­lence out of in­di­vid­ual com­pe­ti­tion and to pre­vent un­fair­ness in per­sonal ini­tia­tive. Here is a great prob­lem in state­hood: How can you guar­an­tee peace and quiet in in­dus­try, pay the taxes to sup­port state power, and at the same time pre­vent tax­a­tion from hand­i­cap­ping in­dus­try and keep the state from be­com­ing par­a­sit­i­cal or tyran­ni­cal?

81:6.207. Ef­fec­tive­ness of me­chan­i­cal de­vices. The prog­ress of civ­i­liza­tion is di­rectly re­lated to the de­vel­op­ment and pos­ses­sion of tools, ma­chines, and chan­nels of dis­tri­bu­tion. Im­proved tools, in­ge­nious and ef­fi­cient ma­chines, de­ter­mine the sur­vival of con­tend­ing groups in the arena of ad­vanc­ing civ­i­liza­tion.

44:3.32. The vo­ca­tion builders—those who func­tion in de­sign­ing and as­sem­bling the abodes of the reg­u­lar and rou­tine work­ers of the spirit and mor­ontia realms. These builders are com­pa­ra­ble to those who con­struct the Uran­tia work­shops and other in­dus­trial plants. The tran­si­tion worlds have a nec­es­sary econ­omy of mu­tual min­istry and spe­cial­ized di­vi­sion of la­bor. We do not all do ev­ery­thing; there is di­ver­sity of func­tion among mor­ontia be­ings and evolv­ing spir­its, and these vo­ca­tion builders not only build bet­ter work­shops but also con­tribute to the vo­ca­tional en­hance­ment of the worker.

68:5.11There has al­ways been fric­tion be­tween the herders and the tillers of the soil. The hunter and herder were mil­i­tant, war­like; the agri­cul­tur­ist is a more peace-lov­ing type. As­so­ci­a­tion with an­i­mals sug­gests strug­gle and force; as­so­ci­a­tion with plants in­stills pa­tience, quiet, and peace. Agri­cul­ture and in­dus­tri­al­ism are the ac­tiv­i­ties of peace. But the weak­ness of both, as world so­cial ac­tiv­i­ties, is that they lack ex­cite­ment and ad­ven­ture.