Greenland

64:7.16As the San­gik mi­gra­tions draw to a close, the green and or­ange races are gone, the red man holds North Amer­ica, the yel­low man east­ern Asia, the blue man Eu­rope, and the in­digo race has grav­i­tated to Africa. In­dia har­bors a blend of the sec­ondary San­gik races, and the brown man, a blend of the red and yel­low, holds the is­lands off the Asi­atic coast. An amal­ga­mated race of rather su­pe­rior po­ten­tial oc­cu­pies the high­lands of South Amer­ica. The purer An­don­ites live in the ex­treme north­ern re­gions of Eu­rope and in Ice­land, Green­land, and north­east­ern North Amer­ica.

64:7.17Dur­ing the pe­ri­ods of far­thest glacial ad­vance the west­ern­most of the An­don tribes came very near be­ing driven into the sea. They lived for years on a nar­row south­ern strip of the pres­ent is­land of Eng­land. And it was the tra­di­tion of these re­peated glacial ad­vances that drove them to take to the sea when the sixth and last glacier fi­nally ap­peared. They were the first ma­rine ad­ven­tur­ers. They built boats and started in search of new lands which they hoped might be free from the ter­ri­fy­ing ice in­va­sions. And some of them reached Ice­land, oth­ers Green­land, but the vast ma­jor­ity per­ished from hunger and thirst on the open sea.

64:7.18A lit­tle more than eighty thou­sand years ago, shortly af­ter the red man en­tered north­west­ern North Amer­ica, the freez­ing over of the north seas and the ad­vance of lo­cal ice fields on Green­land drove these Es­kimo de­scen­dants of the Uran­tia abo­rig­ines to seek a bet­ter land, a new home; and they were suc­cess­ful, safely cross­ing the nar­row straits which then sep­a­rated Green­land from the north­east­ern land masses of North Amer­ica. They reached the con­ti­nent about twenty-one hun­dred years af­ter the red man ar­rived in Alaska. Sub­se­quently some of the mixed stock of the blue man jour­neyed west­ward and amal­ga­mated with the later-day Es­ki­mos, and this union was slightly ben­e­fi­cial to the Es­kimo tribes.

78:1.53. The An­don­ites main­tained five or six fairly rep­re­sen­ta­tive set­tle­ments to the north and east of the Adam­son head­quar­ters. They were also scat­tered through­out Tur­kes­tan, while iso­lated is­lands of them per­sisted through­out Eura­sia, es­pe­cially in moun­tain­ous re­gions. These abo­rig­ines still held the north­lands of the Eurasian con­ti­nent, to­gether with Ice­land and Green­land, but they had long since been driven from the plains of Eu­rope by the blue man and from the river val­leys of far­ther Asia by the ex­pand­ing yel­low race.

59:5.20180,000,000 years ago brought the close of the Car­bonif­er­ous pe­riod, dur­ing which coal had been formed all over the world—in Eu­rope, In­dia, China, North Africa, and the Amer­i­cas. At the close of the coal-for­ma­tion pe­riod North Amer­ica east of the Mis­sis­sippi val­ley rose, and most of this sec­tion has ever since re­mained above the sea. This land-el­e­va­tion pe­riod marks the be­gin­ning of the mod­ern moun­tains of North Amer­ica, both in the Ap­palachian re­gions and in the west. Vol­ca­noes were ac­tive in Alaska and Cal­i­for­nia and in the moun­tain-form­ing re­gions of Eu­rope and Asia. East­ern Amer­ica and west­ern Eu­rope were con­nected by the con­ti­nent of Green­land.

61:1.12Dur­ing the lat­ter part of this epoch most of Eu­rope was sub­merged. Fol­low­ing a slight land rise the con­ti­nent was cov­ered by lakes and bays. The Arc­tic Ocean, through the Ural de­pres­sion, ran south to con­nect with the Med­i­ter­ra­nean Sea as it was then ex­panded north­ward, the high­lands of the Alps, Carpathi­ans, Apen­nines, and Pyre­nees be­ing up above the wa­ter as is­lands of the sea. The Isth­mus of Panama was up; the At­lantic and Pa­cific Oceans were sep­a­rated. North Amer­ica was con­nected with Asia by the Bering Strait land bridge and with Eu­rope by way of Green­land and Ice­land. The earth cir­cuit of land in north­ern lat­i­tudes was bro­ken only by the Ural Straits, which con­nected the arc­tic seas with the en­larged Med­i­ter­ra­nean.

59:1.17360,000,000 years ago the land was still ris­ing. North and South Amer­ica were well up. West­ern Eu­rope and the British Isles were emerg­ing, ex­cept parts of Wales, which were deeply sub­merged. There were no great ice sheets dur­ing these ages. The sup­posed glacial de­posits ap­pear­ing in con­nec­tion with these strata in Eu­rope, Africa, China, and Aus­tralia are due to iso­lated moun­tain glaciers or to the dis­place­ment of glacial de­bris of later ori­gin. The world cli­mate was oceanic, not con­ti­nen­tal. The south­ern seas were warmer then than now, and they ex­tended north­ward over North Amer­ica up to the po­lar re­gions. The Gulf Stream coursed over the cen­tral por­tion of North Amer­ica, be­ing de­flected east­ward to bathe and warm the shores of Green­land, mak­ing that now ice-man­tled con­ti­nent a ver­i­ta­ble tropic par­a­dise.

59:4.14As the land rose, North Amer­ica be­came con­nected with Eu­rope by land bridges ex­tend­ing to Green­land. And to­day Green­land holds the re­mains of these early land plants be­neath its man­tle of ice.

60:4.3The old­est moun­tains of the world are lo­cated in Asia, Green­land, and north­ern Eu­rope among those of the older east-west sys­tems. The mid-age moun­tains are in the cir­cum­pa­cific group and in the sec­ond Eu­ro­pean east-west sys­tem, which was born at about the same time. This gi­gan­tic up­ris­ing is al­most ten thou­sand miles long, ex­tend­ing from Eu­rope over into the West In­dies land el­e­va­tions. The young­est moun­tains are in the Rocky Moun­tain sys­tem, where, for ages, land el­e­va­tions had oc­curred only to be suc­ces­sively cov­ered by the sea, though some of the higher lands re­mained as is­lands. Sub­se­quent to the for­ma­tion of the mid-age moun­tains, a real moun­tain high­land was el­e­vated which was des­tined, sub­se­quently, to be carved into the pres­ent Rocky Moun­tains by the com­bined artistry of na­ture’s el­e­ments.

61:2.335,000,000 years ago marks the be­gin­ning of the age of pla­cen­tal-mam­malian world dom­i­na­tion. The south­ern land bridge was ex­ten­sive, re­con­nect­ing the then enor­mous Antarc­tic con­ti­nent with South Amer­ica, South Africa, and Aus­tralia. In spite of the mass­ing of land in high lat­i­tudes, the world cli­mate re­mained rel­a­tively mild be­cause of the enor­mous in­crease in the size of the tropic seas, nor was the land el­e­vated suf­fi­ciently to pro­duce glaciers. Ex­ten­sive lava flows oc­curred in Green­land and Ice­land, some coal be­ing de­posited be­tween these lay­ers.

61:3.1Land el­e­va­tion and sea seg­re­ga­tion were slowly chang­ing the world’s weather, grad­u­ally cool­ing it, but the cli­mate was still mild. Se­quoias and mag­no­lias grew in Green­land, but the sub­trop­i­cal plants were be­gin­ning to mi­grate south­ward. By the end of this pe­riod these warm-cli­mate plants and trees had largely dis­ap­peared from the north­ern lat­i­tudes, their places be­ing taken by more hardy plants and the de­cid­u­ous trees.

61:5.4The north­ern re­gions of this world have ex­pe­ri­enced six sep­a­rate and dis­tinct ice in­va­sions, al­though there were scores of ad­vances and re­ces­sions as­so­ci­ated with the ac­tiv­ity of each in­di­vid­ual ice sheet. The ice in North Amer­ica col­lected in two and, later, three cen­ters. Green­land was cov­ered, and Ice­land was com­pletely buried be­neath the ice flow. In Eu­rope the ice at var­i­ous times cov­ered the British Isles ex­cept­ing the coast of south­ern Eng­land, and it over­spread west­ern Eu­rope down to France.

61:5.61,500,000 years ago the first great glacier was re­treat­ing north­ward. In the mean­time, enor­mous quan­ti­ties of snow had been falling on Green­land and on the north­east­ern part of North Amer­ica, and ere­long this east­ern ice mass be­gan to flow south­ward. This was the sec­ond in­va­sion of the ice.

58:4.3500,000,000 years ago prim­i­tive ma­rine veg­etable life was well es­tab­lished on Uran­tia. Green­land and the arc­tic land mass, to­gether with North and South Amer­ica, were be­gin­ning their long and slow west­ward drift. Africa moved slightly south, cre­at­ing an east and west trough, the Med­i­ter­ra­nean basin, be­tween it­self and the mother body. Antarc­tica, Aus­tralia, and the land in­di­cated by the is­lands of the Pa­cific broke away on the south and east and have drifted far away since that day.