geology

60:4.1The great Cre­ta­ceous pe­riod was draw­ing to a close, and its ter­mi­na­tion marks the end of the great sea in­va­sions of the con­ti­nents. Par­tic­u­larly is this true of North Amer­ica, where there had been just twenty-four great in­un­da­tions. And though there were sub­se­quent mi­nor sub­mer­gences, none of these can be com­pared with the ex­ten­sive and lengthy ma­rine in­va­sions of this and pre­vi­ous ages. These al­ter­nate pe­ri­ods of land and sea dom­i­nance have oc­curred in mil­lion-year cy­cles. There has been an age­long rhythm as­so­ci­ated with this rise and fall of ocean floor and con­ti­nen­tal land lev­els. And these same rhyth­mi­cal crustal move­ments will con­tinue from this time on through­out the earth’s his­tory but with di­min­ish­ing fre­quency and ex­tent.

57:8.11This en­tire age was char­ac­ter­ized by fre­quent and vi­o­lent storms. The early crust of the earth was in a state of con­tin­ual flux. Sur­face cool­ing al­ter­nated with im­mense lava flows. Nowhere can there be found on the sur­face of the world any­thing of this orig­i­nal plan­e­tary crust. It has all been mixed up too many times with ex­trud­ing lavas of deep ori­gins and ad­mixed with sub­se­quent de­posits of the early world-wide ocean.

58:7.1The vast group of rock sys­tems which con­sti­tuted the outer crust of the world dur­ing the life-dawn or Pro­tero­zoic era does not now ap­pear at many points on the earth’s sur­face. And when it does emerge from be­low all the ac­cu­mu­la­tions of sub­se­quent ages, there will be found only the fos­sil re­mains of veg­etable and early prim­i­tive an­i­mal life. Some of these older wa­ter-de­posited rocks are com­min­gled with sub­se­quent lay­ers, and some­times they yield fos­sil re­mains of some of the ear­lier forms of veg­etable life, while on the top­most lay­ers oc­ca­sion­ally may be found some of the more prim­i­tive forms of the early ma­rine-an­i­mal or­gan­isms. In many places these old­est strat­i­fied rock lay­ers, bear­ing the fos­sils of the early ma­rine life, both an­i­mal and veg­etable, may be found di­rectly on top of the older un­dif­fer­en­ti­ated stone.

58:7.6This stone layer, the old­est fos­sil-bear­ing stra­tum in the crust of the earth, has been crum­pled, folded, and grotesquely twisted as a re­sult of the up­heavals of earth­quakes and the early vol­ca­noes. The lava flows of this age brought much iron, cop­per, and lead up near the plan­e­tary sur­face.

58:7.2Fos­sils of this era yield al­gae, coral­like plants, prim­i­tive Pro­to­zoa, and spon­ge­like tran­si­tion or­gan­isms. But the ab­sence of such fos­sils in the early rock lay­ers does not nec­es­sar­ily prove that liv­ing things were not else­where in ex­is­tence at the time of their de­po­si­tion. Life was sparse through­out these early times and only slowly made its way over the face of the earth.

58:7.3The rocks of this olden age are now at the earth’s sur­face, or very near the sur­face, over about one eighth of the pres­ent land area. The av­er­age thick­ness of this tran­si­tion stone, the old­est strat­i­fied rock lay­ers, is about one and one-half miles. At some points these an­cient rock sys­tems are as much as four miles thick, but many of the lay­ers which have been as­cribed to this era be­long to later pe­ri­ods.

58:7.4In North Amer­ica this an­cient and prim­i­tive fos­sil-bear­ing stone layer comes to the sur­face over the east­ern, cen­tral, and north­ern re­gions of Canada. There is also an in­ter­mit­tent east-west ridge of this rock which ex­tends from Penn­syl­va­nia and the an­cient Adiron­dack Moun­tains on west through Michi­gan, Wis­con­sin, and Min­nesota. Other ridges run from New­found­land to Al­abama and from Alaska to Mex­ico.

58:7.5The rocks of this era are ex­posed here and there all over the world, but none are so easy of in­ter­pre­ta­tion as those about Lake Su­pe­rior and in the Grand Canyon of the Col­orado River, where these prim­i­tive fos­sil-bear­ing rocks, ex­ist­ing in sev­eral lay­ers, tes­tify to the up­heavals and sur­face fluc­tu­a­tions of those far­away times.

58:7.7There are few places on the earth where such ac­tiv­i­ties are more graph­i­cally shown than in the St. Croix val­ley of Wis­con­sin. In this re­gion there oc­curred one hun­dred and twenty-seven suc­ces­sive lava flows on land with suc­ceed­ing wa­ter sub­mer­gence and con­se­quent rock de­po­si­tion. Al­though much of the up­per rock sed­i­men­ta­tion and in­ter­mit­tent lava flow is ab­sent to­day, and though the bot­tom of this sys­tem is buried deep in the earth, nev­er­the­less, about sixty-five or sev­enty of these strat­i­fied rec­ords of past ages are now ex­posed to view.

58:7.8In these early ages when much land was near sea level, there oc­curred many suc­ces­sive sub­mer­gences and emer­gences. The earth’s crust was just en­ter­ing upon its later pe­riod of com­par­a­tive sta­bi­liza­tion. The un­du­la­tions, rises and dips, of the ear­lier con­ti­nen­tal drift con­tributed to the fre­quency of the pe­ri­odic sub­mer­gence of the great land masses.

58:7.9Dur­ing these times of prim­i­tive ma­rine life, ex­ten­sive ar­eas of the con­ti­nen­tal shores sank be­neath the seas from a few feet to half a mile. Much of the older sand­stone and con­glom­er­ates rep­re­sents the sed­i­men­tary ac­cu­mu­la­tions of these an­cient shores. The sed­i­men­tary rocks be­long­ing to this early strat­i­fi­ca­tion rest di­rectly upon those lay­ers which date back far be­yond the ori­gin of life, back to the early ap­pear­ance of the world-wide ocean.

58:7.10Some of the up­per lay­ers of these tran­si­tion rock de­posits con­tain small amounts of shale or slate of dark col­ors, in­di­cat­ing the pres­ence of or­ganic car­bon and tes­ti­fy­ing to the ex­is­tence of the an­ces­tors of those forms of plant life which over­ran the earth dur­ing the suc­ceed­ing Car­bonif­er­ous or coal age. Much of the cop­per in these rock lay­ers re­sults from wa­ter de­po­si­tion. Some is found in the cracks of the older rocks and is the con­cen­trate of the slug­gish swamp wa­ter of some an­cient shel­tered shore line. The iron mines of North Amer­ica and Eu­rope are lo­cated in de­posits and ex­tru­sions ly­ing partly in the older un­strat­i­fied rocks and partly in these later strat­i­fied rocks of the tran­si­tion pe­ri­ods of life for­ma­tion.

58:7.11This era wit­nesses the spread of life through­out the wa­ters of the world; ma­rine life has be­come well es­tab­lished on Uran­tia. The bot­toms of the shal­low and ex­ten­sive in­land seas are be­ing grad­u­ally over­run by a pro­fuse and lux­u­ri­ant growth of veg­e­ta­tion, while the shore-line wa­ters are swarm­ing with the sim­ple forms of an­i­mal life.

58:7.12All of this story is graph­i­cally told within the fos­sil pages of the vast “stone book” of world rec­ord. And the pages of this gi­gan­tic bio­geo­logic rec­ord un­fail­ingly tell the truth if you but ac­quire skill in their in­ter­pre­ta­tion. Many of these an­cient sea beds are now el­e­vated high upon land, and their de­posits of age upon age tell the story of the life strug­gles of those early days. It is lit­er­ally true, as your poet has said, “The dust we tread upon was once alive.”

58:7.13[Pre­sented by a mem­ber of the Uran­tia Life Car­rier Corps now res­i­dent on the planet.]