Europe

77:5.10This cen­ter of civ­i­liza­tion was sit­u­ated in the re­gion east of the south­ern end of the Caspian Sea, near the Kopet Dagh. A short way up in the foothills of Tur­kes­tan are the ves­tiges of what was one­time the Ad­am­son­ite head­quar­ters of the vi­o­let race. In these high­land sites, sit­u­ated in a nar­row and an­cient fer­tile belt ly­ing in the lower foothills of the Kopet range, there suc­ces­sively arose at var­i­ous pe­ri­ods four di­verse cul­tures re­spec­tively fos­tered by four dif­fer­ent groups of Adam­son’s de­scen­dants. It was the sec­ond of these groups which mi­grated west­ward to Greece and the is­lands of the Med­i­ter­ra­nean. The residue of Adam­son’s de­scen­dants mi­grated north and west to en­ter Eu­rope with the blended stock of the last And­ite wave com­ing out of Mes­o­po­ta­mia, and they were also num­bered among the And­ite-Aryan in­vaders of In­dia.

78:3.2Some of the Adamites early jour­neyed west­ward to the val­ley of the Nile; oth­ers pen­e­trated east­ward into Asia, but these were a mi­nor­ity. The mass move­ment of the later days was ex­ten­sively north­ward and thence west­ward. It was, in the main, a grad­ual but un­remit­ting north­ward push, the greater num­ber mak­ing their way north and then cir­cling west­ward around the Caspian Sea into Eu­rope.

78:3.5As the pe­riod of the early Adamic mi­gra­tions ended, about 15,000 B.C., there were al­ready more de­scen­dants of Adam in Eu­rope and cen­tral Asia than any­where else in the world, even than in Mes­o­po­ta­mia. The Eu­ro­pean blue races had been largely in­fil­trated. The lands now called Rus­sia and Tur­kes­tan were oc­cu­pied through­out their south­ern stretches by a great reser­voir of the Adamites mixed with Nod­ites, An­don­ites, and red and yel­low San­giks. South­ern Eu­rope and the Med­i­ter­ra­nean fringe were oc­cu­pied by a mixed race of An­don­ite and San­gik peo­ples—or­ange, green, and in­digo—with a sprin­kling of the Adamite stock. Asia Mi­nor and the cen­tral-east­ern Eu­ro­pean lands were held by tribes that were pre­dom­i­nantly An­don­ite.

78:6.2Sixty-five per cent en­tered Eu­rope by the Caspian Sea route to con­quer and amal­ga­mate with the newly ap­pear­ing white races—the blend of the blue men and the ear­lier And­ites.

80:1.1Be­fore the last And­ites were driven out of the Eu­phrates val­ley, many of their breth­ren had en­tered Eu­rope as ad­ven­tur­ers, teach­ers, traders, and war­riors. Dur­ing the ear­lier days of the vi­o­let race the Med­i­ter­ra­nean trough was pro­tected by the Gibral­tar isth­mus and the Si­cil­ian land bridge. Some of man’s very early mar­itime com­merce was es­tab­lished on these in­land lakes, where blue men from the north and the Sa­ha­rans from the south met Nod­ites and Adamites from the east.

80:1.2In the east­ern trough of the Med­i­ter­ra­nean the Nod­ites had es­tab­lished one of their most ex­ten­sive cul­tures and from these cen­ters had pen­e­trated some­what into south­ern Eu­rope but more es­pe­cially into north­ern Africa. The broad-headed Nod­ite-An­don­ite Syr­i­ans very early in­tro­duced pot­tery and agri­cul­ture in con­nec­tion with their set­tle­ments on the slowly ris­ing Nile delta. They also im­ported sheep, goats, cat­tle, and other do­mes­ti­cated an­i­mals and brought in greatly im­proved meth­ods of met­al­work­ing, Syria then be­ing the cen­ter of that in­dus­try.

80:1.3For more than thirty thou­sand years Egypt re­ceived a steady stream of Mes­o­po­ta­mi­ans, who brought along their art and cul­ture to en­rich that of the Nile val­ley. But the ingress of large num­bers of the Sa­hara peo­ples greatly de­te­ri­o­rated the early civ­i­liza­tion along the Nile so that Egypt reached its low­est cul­tural level some fif­teen thou­sand years ago.

80:1.4But dur­ing ear­lier times there was lit­tle to hin­der the west­ward mi­gra­tion of the Adamites. The Sa­hara was an open graz­ing land over­spread by herders and agri­cul­tur­ists. These Sa­ha­rans never en­gaged in man­u­fac­ture, nor were they city builders. They were an in­digo-black group which car­ried ex­ten­sive strains of the ex­tinct green and or­ange races. But they re­ceived a very lim­ited amount of the vi­o­let in­her­i­tance be­fore the up­thrust of land and the shift­ing wa­ter-laden winds dis­persed the rem­nants of this pros­per­ous and peace­ful civ­i­liza­tion.

80:1.5Adam’s blood has been shared with most of the hu­man races, but some se­cured more than oth­ers. The mixed races of In­dia and the darker peo­ples of Africa were not at­trac­tive to the Adamites. They would have mixed freely with the red man had he not been far re­moved in the Amer­i­cas, and they were kindly dis­posed to­ward the yel­low man, but he was like­wise dif­fi­cult of ac­cess in far­away Asia. There­fore, when ac­tu­ated by ei­ther ad­ven­ture or al­tru­ism, or when driven out of the Eu­phrates val­ley, they very nat­u­rally chose union with the blue races of Eu­rope.

80:1.6The blue men, then dom­i­nant in Eu­rope, had no re­li­gious prac­tices which were re­pul­sive to the ear­lier mi­grat­ing Adamites, and there was great sex at­trac­tion be­tween the vi­o­let and the blue races. The best of the blue men deemed it a high honor to be per­mit­ted to mate with the Adamites. Ev­ery blue man en­ter­tained the am­bi­tion of be­com­ing so skill­ful and artis­tic as to win the af­fec­tion of some Adamite woman, and it was the high­est as­pi­ra­tion of a su­pe­rior blue woman to re­ceive the at­ten­tions of an Adamite.

80:1.7Slowly these mi­grat­ing sons of Eden united with the higher types of the blue race, in­vig­o­rat­ing their cul­tural prac­tices while ruth­lessly ex­ter­mi­nat­ing the lin­ger­ing strains of Ne­an­derthal stock. This tech­nique of race blend­ing, com­bined with the elim­i­na­tion of in­fe­rior strains, pro­duced a dozen or more vir­ile and pro­gres­sive groups of su­pe­rior blue men, one of which you have de­nom­i­nated the Cro-Magnons.

80:1.8For these and other rea­sons, not the least of which was more fa­vor­able paths of mi­gra­tion, the early waves of Mes­o­po­ta­mian cul­ture made their way al­most ex­clu­sively to Eu­rope. And it was these cir­cum­stances that de­ter­mined the an­tecedents of mod­ern Eu­ro­pean civ­i­liza­tion.

80:4.1While the And­ites poured into Eu­rope in a steady stream, there were seven ma­jor in­va­sions, the last ar­rivals com­ing on horse­back in three great waves. Some en­tered Eu­rope by way of the is­lands of the Aegean and up the Danube val­ley, but the ma­jor­ity of the ear­lier and purer strains mi­grated to north­west­ern Eu­rope by the north­ern route across the graz­ing lands of the Volga and the Don.

80:4.2Be­tween the third and fourth in­va­sions a horde of An­don­ites en­tered Eu­rope from the north, hav­ing come from Siberia by way of the Rus­sian rivers and the Baltic. They were im­me­di­ately as­sim­i­lated by the north­ern And­ite tribes.

80:4.3The ear­lier ex­pan­sions of the purer vi­o­let race were far more pa­cific than were those of their later semimil­i­tary and con­quest-lov­ing And­ite de­scen­dants. The Adamites were pa­cific; the Nod­ites were bel­liger­ent. The union of these stocks, as later min­gled with the San­gik races, pro­duced the able, ag­gres­sive And­ites who made ac­tual mil­i­tary con­quests.

80:4.4But the horse was the evo­lu­tion­ary fac­tor which de­ter­mined the dom­i­nance of the And­ites in the Oc­ci­dent. The horse gave the dis­pers­ing And­ites the hith­erto nonex­is­tent ad­van­tage of mo­bil­ity, en­abling the last groups of And­ite cav­al­ry­men to pro­gress quickly around the Caspian Sea to over­run all of Eu­rope. All pre­vi­ous waves of And­ites had moved so slowly that they tended to dis­in­te­grate at any great dis­tance from Mes­o­po­ta­mia. But these later waves moved so rapidly that they reached Eu­rope as co­her­ent groups, still re­tain­ing some mea­sure of higher cul­ture.

80:4.5The whole in­hab­ited world, out­side of China and the Eu­phrates re­gion, had made very lim­ited cul­tural prog­ress for ten thou­sand years when the hard-rid­ing And­ite horse­men made their ap­pear­ance in the sixth and sev­enth mil­len­ni­ums be­fore Christ. As they moved west­ward across the Rus­sian plains, ab­sorb­ing the best of the blue man and ex­ter­mi­nat­ing the worst, they be­came blended into one peo­ple. These were the an­ces­tors of the so-called Nordic races, the fore­fa­thers of the Scan­di­na­vian, Ger­man, and An­glo-Saxon peo­ples.

80:4.6It was not long be­fore the su­pe­rior blue strains had been fully ab­sorbed by the And­ites through­out all north­ern Eu­rope. Only in La­p­land (and to a cer­tain ex­tent in Brit­tany) did the older An­don­ites re­tain even a sem­blance of iden­tity.

80:5.1The tribes of north­ern Eu­rope were be­ing con­tin­u­ously re­in­forced and up­stepped by the steady stream of mi­grants from Mes­o­po­ta­mia through the Tur­kes­tan-south Rus­sian re­gions, and when the last waves of And­ite cav­alry swept over Eu­rope, there were al­ready more men with And­ite in­her­i­tance in that re­gion than were to be found in all the rest of the world.

80:5.2For three thou­sand years the mil­i­tary head­quar­ters of the north­ern And­ites was in Den­mark. From this cen­tral point there went forth the suc­ces­sive waves of con­quest, which grew de­creas­ingly And­ite and in­creas­ingly white as the pass­ing cen­turies wit­nessed the fi­nal blend­ing of the Mes­o­po­ta­mian con­querors with the con­quered peo­ples.

80:5.3While the blue man had been ab­sorbed in the north and even­tu­ally suc­cumbed to the white cav­alry raiders who pen­e­trated the south, the ad­vanc­ing tribes of the mixed white race met with stub­born and pro­tracted re­sis­tance from the Cro-Magnons, but su­pe­rior in­tel­li­gence and ever-aug­ment­ing bi­o­logic re­serves en­abled them to wipe the older race out of ex­is­tence.

80:5.4The de­ci­sive strug­gles be­tween the white man and the blue man were fought out in the val­ley of the Somme. Here, the flower of the blue race bit­terly con­tested the south­ward-mov­ing And­ites, and for over five hun­dred years these Cro-Mag­noids suc­cess­fully de­fended their ter­ri­to­ries be­fore suc­cumb­ing to the su­pe­rior mil­i­tary strat­egy of the white in­vaders. Thor, the vic­to­ri­ous com­man­der of the armies of the north in the fi­nal bat­tle of the Somme, be­came the hero of the north­ern white tribes and later on was revered as a god by some of them.

80:5.5The strongholds of the blue man which per­sisted longest were in south­ern France, but the last great mil­i­tary re­sis­tance was over­come along the Somme. The later con­quest pro­gressed by com­mer­cial pen­e­tra­tion, pop­u­la­tion pres­sure along the rivers, and by con­tin­ued in­ter­mar­riage with the su­pe­ri­ors, cou­pled with the ruth­less ex­ter­mi­na­tion of the in­fe­ri­ors.

80:5.6When the tribal coun­cil of the And­ite el­ders had ad­judged an in­fe­rior cap­tive to be un­fit, he was, by elab­o­rate cer­e­mony, com­mit­ted to the shaman priests, who es­corted him to the river and ad­min­is­tered the rites of ini­ti­a­tion to the “happy hunt­ing grounds”—lethal sub­mer­gence. In this way the white in­vaders of Eu­rope ex­ter­mi­nated all peo­ples en­coun­tered who were not quickly ab­sorbed into their own ranks, and thus did the blue man come to an end—and quickly.

80:5.7The Cro-Mag­noid blue man con­sti­tuted the bi­o­logic foun­da­tion for the mod­ern Eu­ro­pean races, but they have sur­vived only as ab­sorbed by the later and vir­ile con­querors of their home­lands. The blue strain con­tributed many sturdy traits and much phys­i­cal vigor to the white races of Eu­rope, but the hu­mor and imag­i­na­tion of the blended Eu­ro­pean peo­ples were de­rived from the And­ites. This And­ite-blue union, re­sult­ing in the north­ern white races, pro­duced an im­me­di­ate lapse of And­ite civ­i­liza­tion, a re­tar­da­tion of a tran­sient na­ture. Even­tu­ally, the la­tent su­pe­ri­or­ity of these north­ern bar­bar­ians man­i­fested it­self and cul­mi­nated in pres­ent-day Eu­ro­pean civ­i­liza­tion.

80:5.8By 5000 B.C. the evolv­ing white races were dom­i­nant through­out all of north­ern Eu­rope, in­clud­ing north­ern Ger­many, north­ern France, and the British Isles. Cen­tral Eu­rope was for some time con­trolled by the blue man and the round-headed An­don­ites. The lat­ter were mainly sit­u­ated in the Danube val­ley and were never en­tirely dis­placed by the And­ites.

80:9.52. The cen­tral white race. While this group in­cludes strains of blue, yel­low, and And­ite, it is pre­dom­i­nantly An­don­ite. These peo­ple are broad-headed, swarthy, and stocky. They are driven like a wedge be­tween the Nordic and Med­i­ter­ra­nean races, with the broad base rest­ing in Asia and the apex pen­e­trat­ing east­ern France.

59:5.11To­ward the close of this epoch the land of North Amer­ica be­gan to rise. There was a short in­ter­rup­tion, and the sea re­turned to cover about half of its pre­vi­ous beds. This was a short in­un­da­tion, and most of the land was soon well above wa­ter. South Amer­ica was still con­nected with Eu­rope by way of Africa.

64:7.3Be­tween the times of the Plan­e­tary Prince and Adam, In­dia be­came the home of the most cos­mopoli­tan pop­u­la­tion ever to be found on the face of the earth. But it was un­for­tu­nate that this mix­ture came to con­tain so much of the green, or­ange, and in­digo races. These sec­ondary San­gik peo­ples found ex­is­tence more easy and agree­able in the south­lands, and many of them sub­se­quently mi­grated to Africa. The pri­mary San­gik peo­ples, the su­pe­rior races, avoided the trop­ics, the red man go­ing north­east to Asia, closely fol­lowed by the yel­low man, while the blue race moved north­west into Eu­rope.

64:7.8Since the fifth glacier did not ex­tend so far south in Eu­rope, the way was par­tially open for these San­gik peo­ples to mi­grate to the north­west; and upon the re­treat of the ice the blue men, to­gether with a few other small racial groups, mi­grated west­ward along the old trails of the An­don tribes. They in­vaded Eu­rope in suc­ces­sive waves, oc­cu­py­ing most of the con­ti­nent.

64:7.9In Eu­rope they soon en­coun­tered the Ne­an­derthal de­scen­dants of their early and com­mon an­ces­tor, An­don. These older Eu­ro­pean Ne­an­derthalers had been driven south and east by the glacier and thus were in po­si­tion quickly to en­counter and ab­sorb their in­vad­ing cousins of the San­gik tribes.

64:7.10In gen­eral and to start with, the San­gik tribes were more in­tel­li­gent than, and in most ways far su­pe­rior to, the de­te­ri­o­rated de­scen­dants of the early An­donic plains­men; and the min­gling of these San­gik tribes with the Ne­an­derthal peo­ples led to the im­me­di­ate im­prove­ment of the older race. It was this in­fu­sion of San­gik blood, more es­pe­cially that of the blue man, which pro­duced that marked im­prove­ment in the Ne­an­derthal peo­ples ex­hib­ited by the suc­ces­sive waves of in­creas­ingly in­tel­li­gent tribes that swept over Eu­rope from the east.

78:1.53. The An­don­ites main­tained five or six fairly rep­re­sen­ta­tive set­tle­ments to the north and east of the Adam­son head­quar­ters. They were also scat­tered through­out Tur­kes­tan, while iso­lated is­lands of them per­sisted through­out Eura­sia, es­pe­cially in moun­tain­ous re­gions. These abo­rig­ines still held the north­lands of the Eurasian con­ti­nent, to­gether with Ice­land and Green­land, but they had long since been driven from the plains of Eu­rope by the blue man and from the river val­leys of far­ther Asia by the ex­pand­ing yel­low race.

78:1.86. The blue race. The blue men were scat­tered all over Eu­rope, but their bet­ter cen­ters of cul­ture were sit­u­ated in the then fer­tile val­leys of the Med­i­ter­ra­nean basin and in north­west­ern Eu­rope. Ne­an­derthal ab­sorp­tion had greatly re­tarded the cul­ture of the blue man, but he was oth­er­wise the most ag­gres­sive, ad­ven­tur­ous, and ex­ploratory of all the evo­lu­tion­ary peo­ples of Eura­sia.

60:2.2The largest of the di­no­saurs orig­i­nated in west­ern North Amer­ica. These mon­strous rep­tiles are buried through­out the Rocky Moun­tain re­gions, along the whole of the At­lantic coast of North Amer­ica, over west­ern Eu­rope, South Africa, and In­dia, but not in Aus­tralia.

80:9.6For al­most twenty thou­sand years the An­don­ites had been pushed far­ther and far­ther to the north of cen­tral Asia by the And­ites. By 3000 B.C. in­creas­ing arid­ity was driv­ing these An­don­ites back into Tur­kes­tan. This An­don­ite push south­ward con­tin­ued for over a thou­sand years and, split­ting around the Caspian and Black seas, pen­e­trated Eu­rope by way of both the Balkans and the Ukraine. This in­va­sion in­cluded the re­main­ing groups of Adam­son’s de­scen­dants and, dur­ing the lat­ter half of the in­va­sion pe­riod, car­ried with it con­sid­er­able num­bers of the Ira­nian And­ites as well as many of the de­scen­dants of the Sethite priests.

80:9.7By 2500 B.C. the west­ward thrust of the An­don­ites reached Eu­rope. And this over­run­ning of all Mes­o­po­ta­mia, Asia Mi­nor, and the Danube basin by the bar­bar­ians of the hills of Tur­kes­tan con­sti­tuted the most se­ri­ous and last­ing of all cul­tural set­backs up to that time. These in­vaders def­i­nitely An­donized the char­ac­ter of the cen­tral Eu­ro­pean races, which have ever since re­mained char­ac­ter­is­ti­cally Alpine.

134:6.5The forty-eight Amer­i­can free states live to­gether in peace. There are among the cit­i­zens of these forty-eight states all of the var­i­ous na­tion­al­i­ties and races that live in the ever-war­ring na­tions of Eu­rope. These Amer­i­cans rep­re­sent al­most all the re­li­gions and re­li­gious sects and cults of the whole wide world, and yet here in North Amer­ica they live to­gether in peace. And all this is made pos­si­ble be­cause these forty-eight states have sur­ren­dered their sov­er­eignty and have aban­doned all no­tions of the sup­posed rights of self-de­ter­mi­na­tion.

57:8.21The in­creas­ing down­thrust of the Pa­cific Ocean op­er­ated fur­ther to up­thrust the con­ti­nen­tal land mass. Eu­rope and Africa be­gan to rise out of the Pa­cific depths along with those masses now called Aus­tralia, North and South Amer­ica, and the con­ti­nent of Antarc­tica, while the bed of the Pa­cific Ocean en­gaged in a fur­ther com­pen­satory sink­ing ad­just­ment. By the end of this pe­riod al­most one third of the earth’s sur­face con­sisted of land, all in one con­ti­nen­tal body.

59:1.17360,000,000 years ago the land was still ris­ing. North and South Amer­ica were well up. West­ern Eu­rope and the British Isles were emerg­ing, ex­cept parts of Wales, which were deeply sub­merged. There were no great ice sheets dur­ing these ages. The sup­posed glacial de­posits ap­pear­ing in con­nec­tion with these strata in Eu­rope, Africa, China, and Aus­tralia are due to iso­lated moun­tain glaciers or to the dis­place­ment of glacial de­bris of later ori­gin. The world cli­mate was oceanic, not con­ti­nen­tal. The south­ern seas were warmer then than now, and they ex­tended north­ward over North Amer­ica up to the po­lar re­gions. The Gulf Stream coursed over the cen­tral por­tion of North Amer­ica, be­ing de­flected east­ward to bathe and warm the shores of Green­land, mak­ing that now ice-man­tled con­ti­nent a ver­i­ta­ble tropic par­a­dise.

59:2.2350,000,000 years ago saw the be­gin­ning of the great flood pe­riod of all the con­ti­nents ex­cept cen­tral Asia. The land masses were re­peat­edly cov­ered with wa­ter; only the coastal high­lands re­mained above these shal­low but wide­spread os­cil­la­tory in­land seas. Three ma­jor in­un­da­tions char­ac­ter­ized this pe­riod, but be­fore it ended, the con­ti­nents again arose, the to­tal land emer­gence be­ing fif­teen per cent greater than now ex­ists. The Caribbean re­gion was highly el­e­vated. This pe­riod is not well marked off in Eu­rope be­cause the land fluc­tu­a­tions were less, while the vol­canic ac­tion was more per­sis­tent.

59:2.3340,000,000 years ago there oc­curred an­other ex­ten­sive land sink­ing ex­cept in Asia and Aus­tralia. The wa­ters of the world’s oceans were gen­er­ally com­min­gled. This was a great lime­stone age, much of its stone be­ing laid down by lime-se­cret­ing al­gae.

59:2.4A few mil­lion years later large por­tions of the Amer­i­can con­ti­nents and Eu­rope be­gan to emerge from the wa­ter. In the West­ern Hemi­sphere only an arm of the Pa­cific Ocean re­mained over Mex­ico and the pres­ent Rocky Moun­tain re­gions, but near the close of this epoch the At­lantic and Pa­cific coasts again be­gan to sink.

59:2.5330,000,000 years ago marks the be­gin­ning of a time sec­tor of com­par­a­tive quiet all over the world, with much land again above wa­ter. The only ex­cep­tion to this reign of ter­res­trial quiet was the erup­tion of the great North Amer­i­can vol­cano of east­ern Ken­tucky, one of the great­est sin­gle vol­canic ac­tiv­i­ties the world has ever known. The ashes of this vol­cano cov­ered five hun­dred square miles to a depth of from fif­teen to twenty feet.

59:2.6320,000,000 years ago the third ma­jor flood of this pe­riod oc­curred. The wa­ters of this in­un­da­tion cov­ered all the land sub­merged by the pre­ced­ing del­uge, while ex­tend­ing far­ther in many di­rec­tions all over the Amer­i­cas and Eu­rope. East­ern North Amer­ica and west­ern Eu­rope were from 10,000 to 15,000 feet un­der wa­ter.

59:3.2No fire rocks or lava are found in the stone lay­ers of this pe­riod ex­cept those of the great vol­ca­noes of south­ern Eu­rope and east­ern Maine and the lava flows of Que­bec. Vol­canic ac­tion was largely past. This was the height of great wa­ter de­po­si­tion; there was lit­tle or no moun­tain build­ing.

59:3.6The great vol­canic ac­tiv­ity of this age was in the Eu­ro­pean sec­tor. Not in mil­lions upon mil­lions of years had such vi­o­lent and ex­ten­sive vol­canic erup­tions oc­curred as now took place around the Med­i­ter­ra­nean trough and es­pe­cially in the neigh­bor­hood of the British Isles. This lava flow over the British Isles re­gion to­day ap­pears as al­ter­nate lay­ers of lava and rock 25,000 feet thick. These rocks were laid down by the in­ter­mit­tent lava flows which spread out over a shal­low sea bed, thus in­ter­spers­ing the rock de­posits, and all of this was sub­se­quently el­e­vated high above the sea. Vi­o­lent earth­quakes took place in north­ern Eu­rope, no­tably in Scot­land.

59:4.5Five mil­lion years later the land ar­eas of North and South Amer­ica, Eu­rope, Africa, north­ern Asia, and Aus­tralia were briefly in­un­dated, in North Amer­ica the sub­mer­gence at one time or an­other be­ing al­most com­plete; and the re­sult­ing lime­stone lay­ers run from 500 to 5,000 feet in thick­ness. These var­i­ous De­vo­nian seas ex­tended first in one di­rec­tion and then in an­other so that the im­mense arc­tic North Amer­i­can in­land sea found an out­let to the Pa­cific Ocean through north­ern Cal­i­for­nia.

59:4.6260,000,000 years ago, to­ward the end of this land-de­pres­sion epoch, North Amer­ica was par­tially over­spread by seas hav­ing si­mul­ta­ne­ous con­nec­tion with the Pa­cific, At­lantic, Arc­tic, and Gulf wa­ters. The de­posits of these later stages of the first De­vo­nian flood av­er­age about one thou­sand feet in thick­ness. The coral reefs char­ac­ter­iz­ing these times in­di­cate that the in­land seas were clear and shal­low. Such coral de­posits are ex­posed in the banks of the Ohio River near Louisville, Ken­tucky, and are about one hun­dred feet thick, em­brac­ing more than two hun­dred va­ri­eties. These coral for­ma­tions ex­tend through Canada and north­ern Eu­rope to the arc­tic re­gions.

59:4.7Fol­low­ing these sub­mer­gences, many of the shore lines were con­sid­er­ably el­e­vated so that the ear­lier de­posits were cov­ered by mud or shale. There is also a red sand­stone stra­tum which char­ac­ter­izes one of the De­vo­nian sed­i­men­ta­tions, and this red layer ex­tends over much of the earth’s sur­face, be­ing found in North and South Amer­ica, Eu­rope, Rus­sia, China, Africa, and Aus­tralia. Such red de­posits are sug­ges­tive of arid or semi­arid con­di­tions, but the cli­mate of this epoch was still mild and even.

59:4.8Through­out all of this pe­riod the land south­east of the Cincin­nati Is­land re­mained well above wa­ter. But very much of west­ern Eu­rope, in­clud­ing the British Isles, was sub­merged. In Wales, Ger­many, and other places in Eu­rope the De­vo­nian rocks are 20,000 feet thick.

59:4.9250,000,000 years ago wit­nessed the ap­pear­ance of the fish fam­ily, the ver­te­brates, one of the most im­por­tant steps in all pre­hu­man evo­lu­tion.

59:4.10The arthro­pods, or crus­taceans, were the an­ces­tors of the first ver­te­brates. The fore­run­ners of the fish fam­ily were two mod­i­fied arthro­pod an­ces­tors; one had a long body con­nect­ing a head and tail, while the other was a back­bone­less, jaw­less pre­fish. But these pre­lim­i­nary types were quickly de­stroyed when the fishes, the first ver­te­brates of the an­i­mal world, made their sud­den ap­pear­ance from the north.

59:4.11Many of the largest true fish be­long to this age, some of the teeth-bear­ing va­ri­eties be­ing twenty-five to thirty feet long; the pres­ent-day sharks are the sur­vivors of these an­cient fishes. The lung and ar­mored fishes reached their evo­lu­tion­ary apex, and be­fore this epoch had ended, fishes had adapted to both fresh and salt wa­ters.

59:4.12Ver­i­ta­ble bone beds of fish teeth and skele­tons may be found in the de­posits laid down to­ward the close of this pe­riod, and rich fos­sil beds are sit­u­ated along the coast of Cal­i­for­nia since many shel­tered bays of the Pa­cific Ocean ex­tended into the land of that re­gion.

59:4.13The earth was be­ing rapidly over­run by the new or­ders of land veg­e­ta­tion. Here­to­fore few plants grew on land ex­cept about the wa­ter’s edge. Now, and sud­denly, the pro­lific fern fam­ily ap­peared and quickly spread over the face of the rapidly ris­ing land in all parts of the world. Tree types, two feet thick and forty feet high, soon de­vel­oped; later on, leaves evolved, but these early va­ri­eties had only rudi­men­tary fo­liage. There were many smaller plants, but their fos­sils are not found since they were usu­ally de­stroyed by the still ear­lier ap­pear­ing bac­te­ria.

59:4.14As the land rose, North Amer­ica be­came con­nected with Eu­rope by land bridges ex­tend­ing to Green­land. And to­day Green­land holds the re­mains of these early land plants be­neath its man­tle of ice.

59:4.15240,000,000 years ago the land over parts of both Eu­rope and North and South Amer­ica be­gan to sink. This sub­si­dence marked the ap­pear­ance of the last and least ex­ten­sive of the De­vo­nian floods. The arc­tic seas again moved south­ward over much of North Amer­ica, the At­lantic in­un­dated a large part of Eu­rope and west­ern Asia, while the south­ern Pa­cific cov­ered most of In­dia. This in­un­da­tion was slow in ap­pear­ing and equally slow in re­treat­ing. The Catskill Moun­tains along the west bank of the Hud­son River are one of the largest ge­o­logic mon­u­ments of this epoch to be found on the sur­face of North Amer­ica.

59:5.4210,000,000 years ago the warm-wa­ter arc­tic seas cov­ered most of North Amer­ica and Eu­rope. The south po­lar wa­ters in­un­dated South Amer­ica and Aus­tralia, while both Africa and Asia were highly el­e­vated.

59:5.10The de­posits of this early Car­bonif­er­ous age are from 500 to 2,000 feet thick, con­sist­ing of sand­stone, shale, and lime­stone. The old­est strata yield the fos­sils of both land and ma­rine an­i­mals and plants, along with much gravel and basin sed­i­ments. Lit­tle work­able coal is found in these older strata. These de­po­si­tions through­out Eu­rope are very sim­i­lar to those laid down over North Amer­ica.

59:5.12This epoch wit­nessed the be­gin­ning of the Vos­ges, Black For­est, and Ural moun­tains. Stumps of other and older moun­tains are to be found all over Great Britain and Eu­rope.

59:5.13200,000,000 years ago the re­ally ac­tive stages of the Car­bonif­er­ous pe­riod be­gan. For twenty mil­lion years prior to this time the ear­lier coal de­posits were be­ing laid down, but now the more ex­ten­sive coal-for­ma­tion ac­tiv­i­ties were in pro­cess. The length of the ac­tual coal-de­po­si­tion epoch was a lit­tle over twenty-five mil­lion years.

59:5.14The land was pe­ri­od­i­cally go­ing up and down due to the shift­ing sea level oc­ca­sioned by ac­tiv­i­ties on the ocean bot­toms. This crustal un­easi­ness—the set­tling and ris­ing of the land—in con­nec­tion with the pro­lific veg­e­ta­tion of the coastal swamps, con­tributed to the pro­duc­tion of ex­ten­sive coal de­posits, which have caused this pe­riod to be known as the Car­bonif­er­ous. And the cli­mate was still mild the world over.

59:5.15The coal lay­ers al­ter­nate with shale, stone, and con­glom­er­ate. These coal beds over cen­tral and east­ern United States vary in thick­ness from forty to fifty feet. But many of these de­posits were washed away dur­ing sub­se­quent land el­e­va­tions. In some parts of North Amer­ica and Eu­rope the coal-bear­ing strata are 18,000 feet in thick­ness.

59:5.16The pres­ence of roots of trees as they grew in the clay un­der­ly­ing the pres­ent coal beds demon­strates that coal was formed ex­actly where it is now found. Coal is the wa­ter-pre­served and pres­sure-mod­i­fied re­mains of the rank veg­e­ta­tion grow­ing in the bogs and on the swamp shores of this far­away age. Coal lay­ers of­ten hold both gas and oil. Peat beds, the re­mains of past veg­etable growth, would be con­verted into a type of coal if sub­jected to proper pres­sure and heat. An­thracite has been sub­jected to more pres­sure and heat than other coal.

59:5.17In North Amer­ica the lay­ers of coal in the var­i­ous beds, which in­di­cate the num­ber of times the land fell and rose, vary from ten in Illi­nois, twenty in Penn­syl­va­nia, thirty-five in Al­abama, to sev­enty-five in Canada. Both fresh- and salt-wa­ter fos­sils are found in the coal beds.

59:5.18Through­out this epoch the moun­tains of North and South Amer­ica were ac­tive, both the An­des and the south­ern an­ces­tral Rocky Moun­tains ris­ing. The great At­lantic and Pa­cific high coastal re­gions be­gan to sink, even­tu­ally be­com­ing so eroded and sub­merged that the coast lines of both oceans with­drew to ap­prox­i­mately their pres­ent po­si­tions. The de­posits of this in­un­da­tion av­er­age about one thou­sand feet in thick­ness.

59:5.19190,000,000 years ago wit­nessed a west­ward ex­ten­sion of the North Amer­i­can Car­bonif­er­ous sea over the pres­ent Rocky Moun­tain re­gion, with an out­let to the Pa­cific Ocean through north­ern Cal­i­for­nia. Coal con­tin­ued to be laid down through­out the Amer­i­cas and Eu­rope, layer upon layer, as the coast­lands rose and fell dur­ing these ages of seashore os­cil­la­tions.

59:5.20180,000,000 years ago brought the close of the Car­bonif­er­ous pe­riod, dur­ing which coal had been formed all over the world—in Eu­rope, In­dia, China, North Africa, and the Amer­i­cas. At the close of the coal-for­ma­tion pe­riod North Amer­ica east of the Mis­sis­sippi val­ley rose, and most of this sec­tion has ever since re­mained above the sea. This land-el­e­va­tion pe­riod marks the be­gin­ning of the mod­ern moun­tains of North Amer­ica, both in the Ap­palachian re­gions and in the west. Vol­ca­noes were ac­tive in Alaska and Cal­i­for­nia and in the moun­tain-form­ing re­gions of Eu­rope and Asia. East­ern Amer­ica and west­ern Eu­rope were con­nected by the con­ti­nent of Green­land.

59:6.8Among the land an­i­mals the frogs reached their cli­max in the pre­ced­ing age and rapidly de­clined, but they sur­vived be­cause they could long live even in the dry­ing-up pools and ponds of these far-dis­tant and ex­tremely try­ing times. Dur­ing this de­clin­ing frog age, in Africa, the first step in the evo­lu­tion of the frog into the rep­tile oc­curred. And since the land masses were still con­nected, this pre­rep­til­ian crea­ture, an air breather, spread over all the world. By this time the at­mo­sphere had been so changed that it served ad­mirably to sup­port an­i­mal res­pi­ra­tion. It was soon af­ter the ar­rival of these pre­rep­til­ian frogs that North Amer­ica was tem­porar­ily iso­lated, cut off from Eu­rope, Asia, and South Amer­ica.

60:1.4Over Eu­rope, es­pe­cially Ger­many and Rus­sia, may be found de­posits of this pe­riod. In Eng­land the New Red Sand­stone be­longs to this epoch. Lime­stone was laid down in the south­ern Alps as the re­sult of a sea in­va­sion and may now be seen as the pe­cu­liar dolomite lime­stone walls, peaks, and pil­lars of those re­gions. This layer is to be found all over Africa and Aus­tralia. The Car­rara mar­ble comes from such mod­i­fied lime­stone. Noth­ing of this pe­riod will be found in the south­ern re­gions of South Amer­ica as that part of the con­ti­nent re­mained down and hence pre­sents only a wa­ter or ma­rine de­posit con­tin­u­ous with the pre­ced­ing and suc­ceed­ing epochs.

60:1.6As this era opens, the east­ern and cen­tral parts of North Amer­ica, the north­ern half of South Amer­ica, most of Eu­rope, and all of Asia are well above wa­ter. North Amer­ica for the first time is ge­o­graph­i­cally iso­lated, but not for long as the Bering Strait land bridge soon again emerges, con­nect­ing the con­ti­nent with Asia.

60:1.12The ma­rine life of this pe­riod was mea­ger but im­proved rapidly with the new in­va­sion of the sea, which again pro­duced ex­ten­sive coast lines of shal­low wa­ters. Since there was more shal­low wa­ter around Eu­rope and Asia, the rich­est fos­sil beds are to be found about these con­ti­nents. To­day, if you would study the life of this age, ex­am­ine the Hi­malayan, Siberian, and Med­i­ter­ra­nean re­gions, as well as In­dia and the is­lands of the south­ern Pa­cific basin. A promi­nent fea­ture of the ma­rine life was the pres­ence of hosts of the beau­ti­ful am­monites, whose fos­sil re­mains are found all over the world.

60:2.6The same po­lar sea that ex­tended so far down over North Amer­ica like­wise cov­ered all of South Amer­ica ex­cept the soon ap­pear­ing An­des Moun­tains. Most of China and Rus­sia was in­un­dated, but the wa­ter in­va­sion was great­est in Eu­rope. It was dur­ing this sub­mer­gence that the beau­ti­ful litho­graphic stone of south­ern Ger­many was laid down, those strata in which fos­sils, such as the most del­i­cate wings of olden in­sects, are pre­served as of but yes­ter­day.

60:3.4100,000,000 years ago the North Amer­i­can con­ti­nent and a part of Eu­rope were well above wa­ter. The warp­ing of the Amer­i­can con­ti­nents con­tin­ued, re­sult­ing in the meta­mor­phos­ing of the South Amer­i­can An­des and in the grad­ual el­e­va­tion of the west­ern plains of North Amer­ica. Most of Mex­ico sank be­neath the sea, and the south­ern At­lantic en­croached on the east­ern coast of South Amer­ica, even­tu­ally reach­ing the pres­ent shore line. The At­lantic and In­dian Oceans were then about as they are to­day.

60:3.595,000,000 years ago the Amer­i­can and Eu­ro­pean land masses again be­gan to sink. The south­ern seas com­menced the in­va­sion of North Amer­ica and grad­u­ally ex­tended north­ward to con­nect with the Arc­tic Ocean, con­sti­tut­ing the sec­ond great­est sub­mer­gence of the con­ti­nent. When this sea fi­nally with­drew, it left the con­ti­nent about as it now is. Be­fore this great sub­mer­gence be­gan, the east­ern Ap­palachian high­lands had been al­most com­pletely worn down to the wa­ter’s level. The many col­ored lay­ers of pure clay now used for the man­u­fac­ture of earth­en­ware were laid down over the At­lantic coast re­gions dur­ing this age, their av­er­age thick­ness be­ing about 2,000 feet.

60:3.6Great vol­canic ac­tions oc­curred south of the Alps and along the line of the pres­ent Cal­i­for­nia coast-range moun­tains. The great­est crustal de­for­ma­tions in mil­lions upon mil­lions of years took place in Mex­ico. Great changes also oc­curred in Eu­rope, Rus­sia, Japan, and south­ern South Amer­ica. The cli­mate be­came in­creas­ingly di­ver­si­fied.

60:3.790,000,000 years ago the an­giosperms emerged from these early Cre­ta­ceous seas and soon over­ran the con­ti­nents. These land plants sud­denly ap­peared along with fig trees, mag­no­lias, and tulip trees. Soon af­ter this time fig trees, bread­fruit trees, and palms over­spread Eu­rope and the west­ern plains of North Amer­ica. No new land an­i­mals ap­peared.

60:3.885,000,000 years ago the Bering Strait closed, shut­ting off the cool­ing wa­ters of the north­ern seas. Thereto­fore the ma­rine life of the At­lantic-Gulf wa­ters and that of the Pa­cific Ocean had dif­fered greatly, ow­ing to the tem­per­a­ture vari­a­tions of these two bod­ies of wa­ter, which now be­came uni­form.

60:3.9The de­posits of chalk and green­sand marl give name to this pe­riod. The sed­i­men­ta­tions of these times are var­ie­gated, con­sist­ing of chalk, shale, sand­stone, and small amounts of lime­stone, to­gether with in­fe­rior coal or lig­nite, and in many re­gions they con­tain oil. These lay­ers vary in thick­ness from 200 feet in some places to 10,000 feet in west­ern North Amer­ica and nu­mer­ous Eu­ro­pean lo­cal­i­ties. Along the east­ern bor­ders of the Rocky Moun­tains these de­posits may be ob­served in the up­tilted foothills.

60:3.10All over the world these strata are per­me­ated with chalk, and these lay­ers of porous semirock pick up wa­ter at up­turned out­crops and con­vey it down­ward to fur­nish the wa­ter sup­ply of much of the earth’s pres­ent arid re­gions.

60:3.1180,000,000 years ago great dis­tur­bances oc­curred in the earth’s crust. The west­ern ad­vance of the con­ti­nen­tal drift was com­ing to a stand­still, and the enor­mous en­ergy of the slug­gish mo­men­tum of the hin­ter con­ti­nen­tal mass up­crum­pled the Pa­cific shore line of both North and South Amer­ica and ini­ti­ated pro­found reper­cus­sional changes along the Pa­cific shores of Asia. This cir­cum­pa­cific land el­e­va­tion, which cul­mi­nated in pres­ent-day moun­tain ranges, is more than twenty-five thou­sand miles long. And the up­heavals at­ten­dant upon its birth were the great­est sur­face dis­tor­tions to take place since life ap­peared on Uran­tia. The lava flows, both above and be­low ground, were ex­ten­sive and wide­spread.

60:3.1275,000,000 years ago marks the end of the con­ti­nen­tal drift. From Alaska to Cape Horn the long Pa­cific coast moun­tain ranges were com­pleted, but there were as yet few peaks.

60:3.13The back­thrust of the halted con­ti­nen­tal drift con­tin­ued the el­e­va­tion of the west­ern plains of North Amer­ica, while in the east the worn-down Ap­palachian Moun­tains of the At­lantic coast re­gion were pro­jected straight up, with lit­tle or no tilt­ing.

60:3.1470,000,000 years ago the crustal dis­tor­tions con­nected with the max­i­mum el­e­va­tion of the Rocky Moun­tain re­gion took place. A large seg­ment of rock was over­thrust fif­teen miles at the sur­face in British Columbia; here the Cam­brian rocks are obliquely thrust out over the Cre­ta­ceous lay­ers. On the east­ern slope of the Rocky Moun­tains, near the Cana­dian bor­der, there was an­other spec­tac­u­lar over­thrust; here may be found the pre­life stone lay­ers shoved out over the then re­cent Cre­ta­ceous de­posits.

60:3.15This was an age of vol­canic ac­tiv­ity all over the world, giv­ing rise to nu­mer­ous small iso­lated vol­canic cones. Sub­ma­rine vol­ca­noes broke out in the sub­merged Hi­malayan re­gion. Much of the rest of Asia, in­clud­ing Siberia, was also still un­der wa­ter.

60:3.1665,000,000 years ago there oc­curred one of the great­est lava flows of all time. The de­po­si­tion lay­ers of these and pre­ced­ing lava flows are to be found all over the Amer­i­cas, North and South Africa, Aus­tralia, and parts of Eu­rope.

60:3.17The land an­i­mals were lit­tle changed, but be­cause of greater con­ti­nen­tal emer­gence, es­pe­cially in North Amer­ica, they rapidly mul­ti­plied. North Amer­ica was the great field of the land-an­i­mal evo­lu­tion of these times, most of Eu­rope be­ing un­der wa­ter.

60:4.3The old­est moun­tains of the world are lo­cated in Asia, Green­land, and north­ern Eu­rope among those of the older east-west sys­tems. The mid-age moun­tains are in the cir­cum­pa­cific group and in the sec­ond Eu­ro­pean east-west sys­tem, which was born at about the same time. This gi­gan­tic up­ris­ing is al­most ten thou­sand miles long, ex­tend­ing from Eu­rope over into the West In­dies land el­e­va­tions. The young­est moun­tains are in the Rocky Moun­tain sys­tem, where, for ages, land el­e­va­tions had oc­curred only to be suc­ces­sively cov­ered by the sea, though some of the higher lands re­mained as is­lands. Sub­se­quent to the for­ma­tion of the mid-age moun­tains, a real moun­tain high­land was el­e­vated which was des­tined, sub­se­quently, to be carved into the pres­ent Rocky Moun­tains by the com­bined artistry of na­ture’s el­e­ments.

61:1.12Dur­ing the lat­ter part of this epoch most of Eu­rope was sub­merged. Fol­low­ing a slight land rise the con­ti­nent was cov­ered by lakes and bays. The Arc­tic Ocean, through the Ural de­pres­sion, ran south to con­nect with the Med­i­ter­ra­nean Sea as it was then ex­panded north­ward, the high­lands of the Alps, Carpathi­ans, Apen­nines, and Pyre­nees be­ing up above the wa­ter as is­lands of the sea. The Isth­mus of Panama was up; the At­lantic and Pa­cific Oceans were sep­a­rated. North Amer­ica was con­nected with Asia by the Bering Strait land bridge and with Eu­rope by way of Green­land and Ice­land. The earth cir­cuit of land in north­ern lat­i­tudes was bro­ken only by the Ural Straits, which con­nected the arc­tic seas with the en­larged Med­i­ter­ra­nean.

61:1.13Con­sid­er­able foraminiferal lime­stone was de­posited in Eu­ro­pean wa­ters. To­day this same stone is el­e­vated to a height of 10,000 feet in the Alps, 16,000 feet in the Hi­malayas, and 20,000 feet in Ti­bet. The chalk de­posits of this pe­riod are found along the coasts of Africa and Aus­tralia, on the west coast of South Amer­ica, and about the West In­dies.

61:3.715,000,000 years ago the moun­tain re­gions of Eura­sia were ris­ing, and there was some vol­canic ac­tiv­ity through­out these re­gions, but noth­ing com­pa­ra­ble to the lava flows of the West­ern Hemi­sphere. These un­set­tled con­di­tions pre­vailed all over the world.

61:4.210,000,000 years ago be­gan an age of wide­spread lo­cal land de­posits on the low­lands of the con­ti­nents, but most of these sed­i­men­ta­tions were later re­moved. Much of Eu­rope, at this time, was still un­der wa­ter, in­clud­ing parts of Eng­land, Bel­gium, and France, and the Med­i­ter­ra­nean Sea cov­ered much of north­ern Africa. In North Amer­ica ex­ten­sive de­po­si­tions were made at the moun­tain bases, in lakes, and in the great land basins. These de­posits av­er­age only about two hun­dred feet, are more or less col­ored, and fos­sils are rare. Two great fresh-wa­ter lakes ex­isted in west­ern North Amer­ica. The Sier­ras were el­e­vat­ing; Shasta, Hood, and Rainier were be­gin­ning their moun­tain ca­reers. But it was not un­til the sub­se­quent ice age that North Amer­ica be­gan its creep to­ward the At­lantic de­pres­sion.

61:5.1By the close of the pre­ced­ing pe­riod the lands of the north­east­ern part of North Amer­ica and of north­ern Eu­rope were highly el­e­vated on an ex­ten­sive scale, in North Amer­ica vast ar­eas ris­ing up to 30,000 feet and more. Mild cli­mates had for­merly pre­vailed over these north­ern re­gions, and the arc­tic wa­ters were all open to evap­o­ra­tion, and they con­tin­ued to be ice-free un­til al­most the close of the glacial pe­riod.

61:5.2Si­mul­ta­ne­ously with these land el­e­va­tions the ocean cur­rents shifted, and the sea­sonal winds changed their di­rec­tion. These con­di­tions even­tu­ally pro­duced an al­most con­stant pre­cip­i­ta­tion of mois­ture from the move­ment of the heav­ily sat­u­rated at­mo­sphere over the north­ern high­lands. Snow be­gan to fall on these el­e­vated and there­fore cool re­gions, and it con­tin­ued to fall un­til it had at­tained a depth of 20,000 feet. The ar­eas of the great­est depth of snow, to­gether with al­ti­tude, de­ter­mined the cen­tral points of sub­se­quent glacial pres­sure flows. And the ice age per­sisted just as long as this ex­ces­sive pre­cip­i­ta­tion con­tin­ued to cover these north­ern high­lands with this enor­mous man­tle of snow, which soon meta­mor­phosed into solid but creep­ing ice.

61:5.3The great ice sheets of this pe­riod were all lo­cated on el­e­vated high­lands, not in moun­tain­ous re­gions where they are found to­day. One half of the glacial ice was in North Amer­ica, one fourth in Eura­sia, and one fourth else­where, chiefly in Antarc­tica. Africa was lit­tle af­fected by the ice, but Aus­tralia was al­most cov­ered with the antarc­tic ice blan­ket.

61:5.4The north­ern re­gions of this world have ex­pe­ri­enced six sep­a­rate and dis­tinct ice in­va­sions, al­though there were scores of ad­vances and re­ces­sions as­so­ci­ated with the ac­tiv­ity of each in­di­vid­ual ice sheet. The ice in North Amer­ica col­lected in two and, later, three cen­ters. Green­land was cov­ered, and Ice­land was com­pletely buried be­neath the ice flow. In Eu­rope the ice at var­i­ous times cov­ered the British Isles ex­cept­ing the coast of south­ern Eng­land, and it over­spread west­ern Eu­rope down to France.

61:5.7These first two ice in­va­sions were not ex­ten­sive in Eura­sia. Dur­ing these early epochs of the ice age North Amer­ica was over­run with mastodons, woolly mam­moths, horses, camels, deer, musk oxen, bi­son, ground sloths, gi­ant beavers, saber-toothed tigers, sloths as large as ele­phants, and many groups of the cat and dog fam­i­lies. But from this time for­ward they were rapidly re­duced in num­bers by the in­creas­ing cold of the glacial pe­riod. To­ward the close of the ice age the ma­jor­ity of these an­i­mal species were ex­tinct in North Amer­ica.

61:7.1Through­out the glacial pe­riod other ac­tiv­i­ties were in prog­ress, but the ac­tion of the ice over­shad­ows all other phe­nom­ena in the north­ern lat­i­tudes. No other ter­res­trial ac­tiv­ity leaves such char­ac­ter­is­tic ev­i­dence on the to­pog­ra­phy. The dis­tinc­tive boul­ders and sur­face cleav­ages, such as pot­holes, lakes, dis­placed stone, and rock flour, are to be found in con­nec­tion with no other phe­nom­e­non in na­ture. The ice is also re­spon­si­ble for those gen­tle swells, or sur­face un­du­la­tions, known as drum­lins. And a glacier, as it ad­vances, dis­places rivers and changes the whole face of the earth. Glaciers alone leave be­hind them those tell­tale drifts—the ground, lat­eral, and ter­mi­nal moraines. These drifts, par­tic­u­larly the ground moraines, ex­tend from the east­ern seaboard north and west­ward in North Amer­ica and are found in Eu­rope and Siberia.

61:7.5In North Amer­ica the ad­vanc­ing fifth glacier con­sisted of a com­bined in­va­sion by all three ice cen­ters. The east­ern lobe, how­ever, ex­tended only a short dis­tance be­low the St. Lawrence val­ley, and the west­ern ice sheet made lit­tle south­ern ad­vance. But the cen­tral lobe reached south to cover most of the state of Iowa. In Eu­rope this in­va­sion of the ice was not so ex­ten­sive as the pre­ced­ing one.

64:4.1The Ne­an­derthalers were ex­cel­lent fight­ers, and they trav­eled ex­ten­sively. They grad­u­ally spread from the high­land cen­ters in north­west In­dia to France on the west, China on the east, and even down into north­ern Africa. They dom­i­nated the world for al­most half a mil­lion years un­til the times of the mi­gra­tion of the evo­lu­tion­ary races of color.

64:4.2800,000 years ago game was abun­dant; many species of deer, as well as ele­phants and hip­popota­muses, roamed over Eu­rope. Cat­tle were plen­ti­ful; horses and wolves were ev­ery­where. The Ne­an­derthalers were great hunters, and the tribes in France were the first to adopt the prac­tice of giv­ing the most suc­cess­ful hunters the choice of women for wives.

64:4.3The rein­deer was highly use­ful to these Ne­an­derthal peo­ples, serv­ing as food, cloth­ing, and for tools, since they made var­i­ous uses of the horns and bones. They had lit­tle cul­ture, but they greatly im­proved the work in flint un­til it al­most reached the lev­els of the days of An­don. Large flints at­tached to wooden han­dles came back into use and served as axes and picks.

64:4.4750,000 years ago the fourth ice sheet was well on its way south. With their im­proved im­ple­ments the Ne­an­derthalers made holes in the ice cov­er­ing the north­ern rivers and thus were able to spear the fish which came up to these vents. Ever these tribes re­treated be­fore the ad­vanc­ing ice, which at this time made its most ex­ten­sive in­va­sion of Eu­rope.

64:4.5In these times the Siberian glacier was mak­ing its south­ern­most march, com­pelling early man to move south­ward, back to­ward the lands of his ori­gin. But the hu­man species had so dif­fer­en­ti­ated that the dan­ger of fur­ther min­gling with its non­pro­gres­sive simian rel­a­tives was greatly less­ened.

64:4.6700,000 years ago the fourth glacier, the great­est of all in Eu­rope, was in re­ces­sion; men and an­i­mals were re­turn­ing north. The cli­mate was cool and moist, and prim­i­tive man again thrived in Eu­rope and west­ern Asia. Grad­u­ally the forests spread north over land which had been so re­cently cov­ered by the glacier.

64:4.7Mam­malian life had been lit­tle changed by the great glacier. These an­i­mals per­sisted in that nar­row belt of land ly­ing be­tween the ice and the Alps and, upon the re­treat of the glacier, again rapidly spread out over all Eu­rope. There ar­rived from Africa, over the Si­cil­ian land bridge, straight-tusked ele­phants, broad-nosed rhinoceroses, hye­nas, and African li­ons, and these new an­i­mals vir­tu­ally ex­ter­mi­nated the saber-toothed tigers and the hip­popota­muses.

64:4.8650,000 years ago wit­nessed the con­tin­u­a­tion of the mild cli­mate. By the mid­dle of the in­ter­glacial pe­riod it had be­come so warm that the Alps were al­most de­nuded of ice and snow.

64:4.9600,000 years ago the ice had reached its then north­ern­most point of re­treat and, af­ter a pause of a few thou­sand years, started south again on its fifth ex­cur­sion. But there was lit­tle mod­i­fi­ca­tion of cli­mate for fifty thou­sand years. Man and the an­i­mals of Eu­rope were lit­tle changed. The slight arid­ity of the for­mer pe­riod less­ened, and the alpine glaciers de­scended far down the river val­leys.

64:4.10550,000 years ago the ad­vanc­ing glacier again pushed man and the an­i­mals south. But this time man had plenty of room in the wide belt of land stretch­ing north­east into Asia and ly­ing be­tween the ice sheet and the then greatly ex­panded Black Sea ex­ten­sion of the Med­i­ter­ra­nean.

64:4.11These times of the fourth and fifth glaciers wit­nessed the fur­ther spread of the crude cul­ture of the Ne­an­derthal races. But there was so lit­tle prog­ress that it truly ap­peared as though the at­tempt to pro­duce a new and mod­i­fied type of in­tel­li­gent life on Uran­tia was about to fail. For al­most a quar­ter of a mil­lion years these prim­i­tive peo­ples drifted on, hunt­ing and fight­ing, by spells im­prov­ing in cer­tain di­rec­tions, but, on the whole, steadily ret­ro­gress­ing as com­pared with their su­pe­rior An­donic an­ces­tors.

64:4.12Dur­ing these spir­i­tu­ally dark ages the cul­ture of su­per­sti­tious man­kind reached its low­est lev­els. The Ne­an­derthalers re­ally had no re­li­gion be­yond a shame­ful su­per­sti­tion. They were deathly afraid of clouds, more es­pe­cially of mists and fogs. A prim­i­tive re­li­gion of the fear of nat­u­ral forces grad­u­ally de­vel­oped, while an­i­mal wor­ship de­clined as im­prove­ment in tools, with abun­dance of game, en­abled these peo­ple to live with less­ened anx­i­ety about food; the sex re­wards of the chase tended greatly to im­prove hunt­ing skill. This new re­li­gion of fear led to at­tempts to pla­cate the in­vis­i­ble forces be­hind these nat­u­ral el­e­ments and cul­mi­nated, later on, in the sac­ri­fic­ing of hu­mans to ap­pease these in­vis­i­ble and un­known phys­i­cal forces. And this ter­ri­ble prac­tice of hu­man sac­ri­fice has been per­pet­u­ated by the more back­ward peo­ples of Uran­tia right on down to the twen­ti­eth cen­tury.

64:4.13These early Ne­an­derthalers could hardly be called sun wor­shipers. They rather lived in fear of the dark; they had a mor­tal dread of night­fall. As long as the moon shone a lit­tle, they man­aged to get along, but in the dark of the moon they grew pan­icky and be­gan the sac­ri­fice of their best spec­i­mens of man­hood and wom­an­hood in an ef­fort to in­duce the moon again to shine. The sun, they early learned, would reg­u­larly re­turn, but the moon they con­jec­tured only re­turned be­cause they sac­ri­ficed their fel­low tribes­men. As the race ad­vanced, the ob­ject and pur­pose of sac­ri­fice pro­gres­sively changed, but the of­fer­ing of hu­man sac­ri­fice as a part of re­li­gious cer­e­mo­nial long per­sisted.

80:7.9By 5000 B.C. the three purest strains of Adam’s de­scen­dants were in Sume­ria, north­ern Eu­rope, and Greece. The whole of Mes­o­po­ta­mia was be­ing slowly de­te­ri­o­rated by the stream of mixed and darker races which fil­tered in from Ara­bia. And the com­ing of these in­fe­rior peo­ples con­tributed fur­ther to the scat­ter­ing abroad of the bi­o­logic and cul­tural residue of the And­ites. From all over the fer­tile cres­cent the more ad­ven­tur­ous peo­ples poured west­ward to the is­lands. These mi­grants cul­ti­vated both grain and veg­eta­bles, and they brought do­mes­ti­cated an­i­mals with them.

78:5.4By 12,000 B.C. three quar­ters of the And­ite stock of the world was res­i­dent in north­ern and east­ern Eu­rope, and when the later and fi­nal ex­o­dus from Mes­o­po­ta­mia took place, sixty-five per cent of these last waves of em­i­gra­tion en­tered Eu­rope.

61:6.4Hu­man be­ings were not pres­ent in the West­ern Hemi­sphere un­til near the close of the ice age. But dur­ing the in­ter­glacial epochs they passed west­ward around the Med­i­ter­ra­nean and soon over­ran the con­ti­nent of Eu­rope. In the caves of west­ern Eu­rope may be found hu­man bones min­gled with the re­mains of both tropic and arc­tic an­i­mals, tes­ti­fy­ing that man lived in these re­gions through­out the later epochs of the ad­vanc­ing and re­treat­ing glaciers.

64:6.5About eighty-five thou­sand years ago the com­par­a­tively pure rem­nants of the red race went en masse across to North Amer­ica, and shortly there­after the Bering land isth­mus sank, thus iso­lat­ing them. No red man ever re­turned to Asia. But through­out Siberia, China, cen­tral Asia, In­dia, and Eu­rope they left be­hind much of their stock blended with the other col­ored races.

121:7.5These cir­cum­stances ren­dered it im­pos­si­ble for the Jews to ful­fill their di­vine des­tiny as mes­sen­gers of the new gospel of re­li­gious free­dom and spir­i­tual lib­erty. They could not break the fet­ters of tra­di­tion. Jeremiah had told of the “law to be writ­ten in men’s hearts,” Eze­kiel had spo­ken of a “new spirit to live in man’s soul,” and the Psalmist had prayed that God would “cre­ate a clean heart within and re­new a right spirit.” But when the Jew­ish re­li­gion of good works and slav­ery to law fell vic­tim to the stag­na­tion of tra­di­tion­al­is­tic in­er­tia, the mo­tion of re­li­gious evo­lu­tion passed west­ward to the Eu­ro­pean peo­ples.

121:7.6And so a dif­fer­ent peo­ple were called upon to carry an ad­vanc­ing the­ol­ogy to the world, a sys­tem of teach­ing em­body­ing the phi­los­o­phy of the Greeks, the law of the Ro­mans, the moral­ity of the He­brews, and the gospel of per­son­al­ity sanc­tity and spir­i­tual lib­erty for­mu­lated by Paul and based on the teach­ings of Je­sus.

94:0.1The early teach­ers of the Salem re­li­gion pen­e­trated to the re­motest tribes of Africa and Eura­sia, ever preach­ing Ma­chi­venta’s gospel of man’s faith and trust in the one uni­ver­sal God as the only price of ob­tain­ing di­vine fa­vor. Mel­chiz­e­dek’s covenant with Abra­ham was the pat­tern for all the early pro­pa­ganda that went out from Salem and other cen­ters. Uran­tia has never had more en­thu­si­as­tic and ag­gres­sive mis­sion­ar­ies of any re­li­gion than these no­ble men and women who car­ried the teach­ings of Mel­chiz­e­dek over the en­tire East­ern Hemi­sphere. These mis­sion­ar­ies were re­cruited from many peo­ples and races, and they largely spread their teach­ings through the medium of na­tive con­verts. They es­tab­lished train­ing cen­ters in dif­fer­ent parts of the world where they taught the na­tives the Salem re­li­gion and then com­mis­sioned these pupils to func­tion as teach­ers among their own peo­ple.

121:1.3Noth­ing like the civ­i­liza­tion of the times of Je­sus has been seen in the Oc­ci­dent be­fore or since those days. Eu­ro­pean civ­i­liza­tion was uni­fied and co-or­di­nated un­der an ex­traor­di­nary three­fold in­flu­ence:

121:1.41. The Ro­man po­lit­i­cal and so­cial sys­tems.

121:1.52. The Gre­cian lan­guage and cul­ture—and phi­los­o­phy to a cer­tain ex­tent.

121:1.63. The rapidly spread­ing in­flu­ence of Jew­ish re­li­gious and moral teach­ings.

121:1.7When Je­sus was born, the en­tire Med­i­ter­ra­nean world was a uni­fied em­pire. Good roads, for the first time in the world’s his­tory, in­ter­con­nected many ma­jor cen­ters. The seas were cleared of pi­rates, and a great era of trade and travel was rapidly ad­vanc­ing. Eu­rope did not again en­joy an­other such pe­riod of travel and trade un­til the nine­teenth cen­tury af­ter Christ.