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Alaska

5 paragraphs · about 2 minutes · 2 chapters

The paragraphs in the index’s own groups, a chapter to each, in the order the index prints them, and in the order of the book within each. A paragraph read in an earlier chapter is named in one line.

Alaska its own citations 4 paragraphs

58:7.4In North Amer­ica this an­cient and prim­i­tive fos­sil-bear­ing stone layer comes to the sur­face over the east­ern, cen­tral, and north­ern re­gions of Canada. There is also an in­ter­mit­tent east-west ridge of this rock which ex­tends from Penn­syl­va­nia and the an­cient Adiron­dack Moun­tains on west through Michi­gan, Wis­con­sin, and Min­nesota. Other ridges run from New­found­land to Al­abama and from Alaska to Mex­ico.

59:5.20180,000,000 years ago brought the close of the Car­bonif­er­ous pe­riod, dur­ing which coal had been formed all over the world—in Eu­rope, In­dia, China, North Africa, and the Amer­i­cas. At the close of the coal-for­ma­tion pe­riod North Amer­ica east of the Mis­sis­sippi val­ley rose, and most of this sec­tion has ever since re­mained above the sea. This land-el­e­va­tion pe­riod marks the be­gin­ning of the mod­ern moun­tains of North Amer­ica, both in the Ap­palachian re­gions and in the west. Vol­ca­noes were ac­tive in Alaska and Cal­i­for­nia and in the moun­tain-form­ing re­gions of Eu­rope and Asia. East­ern Amer­ica and west­ern Eu­rope were con­nected by the con­ti­nent of Green­land.

60:3.2Near the close of the pre­ced­ing ge­o­logic pe­riod much of the con­ti­nen­tal land was up above wa­ter, al­though as yet there were no moun­tain peaks. But as the con­ti­nen­tal land drift con­tin­ued, it met with the first great ob­struc­tion on the deep floor of the Pa­cific. This con­tention of ge­o­logic forces gave im­pe­tus to the for­ma­tion of the whole vast north and south moun­tain range ex­tend­ing from Alaska down through Mex­ico to Cape Horn.

60:3.3–11 · nine paragraphs not cited here ·

60:3.3This pe­riod thus be­comes the mod­ern moun­tain-build­ing stage of ge­o­logic his­tory. Prior to this time there were few moun­tain peaks, merely el­e­vated land ridges of great width. Now the Pa­cific coast range was be­gin­ning to el­e­vate, but it was lo­cated seven hun­dred miles west of the pres­ent shore line. The Sier­ras were be­gin­ning to form, their gold-bear­ing quartz strata be­ing the prod­uct of lava flows of this epoch. In the east­ern part of North Amer­ica, At­lantic sea pres­sure was also work­ing to cause land el­e­va­tion.

60:3.4100,000,000 years ago the North Amer­i­can con­ti­nent and a part of Eu­rope were well above wa­ter. The warp­ing of the Amer­i­can con­ti­nents con­tin­ued, re­sult­ing in the meta­mor­phos­ing of the South Amer­i­can An­des and in the grad­ual el­e­va­tion of the west­ern plains of North Amer­ica. Most of Mex­ico sank be­neath the sea, and the south­ern At­lantic en­croached on the east­ern coast of South Amer­ica, even­tu­ally reach­ing the pres­ent shore line. The At­lantic and In­dian Oceans were then about as they are to­day.

60:3.595,000,000 years ago the Amer­i­can and Eu­ro­pean land masses again be­gan to sink. The south­ern seas com­menced the in­va­sion of North Amer­ica and grad­u­ally ex­tended north­ward to con­nect with the Arc­tic Ocean, con­sti­tut­ing the sec­ond great­est sub­mer­gence of the con­ti­nent. When this sea fi­nally with­drew, it left the con­ti­nent about as it now is. Be­fore this great sub­mer­gence be­gan, the east­ern Ap­palachian high­lands had been al­most com­pletely worn down to the wa­ter’s level. The many col­ored lay­ers of pure clay now used for the man­u­fac­ture of earth­en­ware were laid down over the At­lantic coast re­gions dur­ing this age, their av­er­age thick­ness be­ing about 2,000 feet.

60:3.6Great vol­canic ac­tions oc­curred south of the Alps and along the line of the pres­ent Cal­i­for­nia coast-range moun­tains. The great­est crustal de­for­ma­tions in mil­lions upon mil­lions of years took place in Mex­ico. Great changes also oc­curred in Eu­rope, Rus­sia, Japan, and south­ern South Amer­ica. The cli­mate be­came in­creas­ingly di­ver­si­fied.

60:3.790,000,000 years ago the an­giosperms emerged from these early Cre­ta­ceous seas and soon over­ran the con­ti­nents. These land plants sud­denly ap­peared along with fig trees, mag­no­lias, and tulip trees. Soon af­ter this time fig trees, bread­fruit trees, and palms over­spread Eu­rope and the west­ern plains of North Amer­ica. No new land an­i­mals ap­peared.

60:3.885,000,000 years ago the Bering Strait closed, shut­ting off the cool­ing wa­ters of the north­ern seas. Thereto­fore the ma­rine life of the At­lantic-Gulf wa­ters and that of the Pa­cific Ocean had dif­fered greatly, ow­ing to the tem­per­a­ture vari­a­tions of these two bod­ies of wa­ter, which now be­came uni­form.

60:3.9The de­posits of chalk and green­sand marl give name to this pe­riod. The sed­i­men­ta­tions of these times are var­ie­gated, con­sist­ing of chalk, shale, sand­stone, and small amounts of lime­stone, to­gether with in­fe­rior coal or lig­nite, and in many re­gions they con­tain oil. These lay­ers vary in thick­ness from 200 feet in some places to 10,000 feet in west­ern North Amer­ica and nu­mer­ous Eu­ro­pean lo­cal­i­ties. Along the east­ern bor­ders of the Rocky Moun­tains these de­posits may be ob­served in the up­tilted foothills.

60:3.10All over the world these strata are per­me­ated with chalk, and these lay­ers of porous semirock pick up wa­ter at up­turned out­crops and con­vey it down­ward to fur­nish the wa­ter sup­ply of much of the earth’s pres­ent arid re­gions.

60:3.1180,000,000 years ago great dis­tur­bances oc­curred in the earth’s crust. The west­ern ad­vance of the con­ti­nen­tal drift was com­ing to a stand­still, and the enor­mous en­ergy of the slug­gish mo­men­tum of the hin­ter con­ti­nen­tal mass up­crum­pled the Pa­cific shore line of both North and South Amer­ica and ini­ti­ated pro­found reper­cus­sional changes along the Pa­cific shores of Asia. This cir­cum­pa­cific land el­e­va­tion, which cul­mi­nated in pres­ent-day moun­tain ranges, is more than twenty-five thou­sand miles long. And the up­heavals at­ten­dant upon its birth were the great­est sur­face dis­tor­tions to take place since life ap­peared on Uran­tia. The lava flows, both above and be­low ground, were ex­ten­sive and wide­spread.

60:3.1275,000,000 years ago marks the end of the con­ti­nen­tal drift. From Alaska to Cape Horn the long Pa­cific coast moun­tain ranges were com­pleted, but there were as yet few peaks.

arrival of red race 1 paragraph

64:7.18A lit­tle more than eighty thou­sand years ago, shortly af­ter the red man en­tered north­west­ern North Amer­ica, the freez­ing over of the north seas and the ad­vance of lo­cal ice fields on Green­land drove these Es­kimo de­scen­dants of the Uran­tia abo­rig­ines to seek a bet­ter land, a new home; and they were suc­cess­ful, safely cross­ing the nar­row straits which then sep­a­rated Green­land from the north­east­ern land masses of North Amer­ica. They reached the con­ti­nent about twenty-one hun­dred years af­ter the red man ar­rived in Alaska. Sub­se­quently some of the mixed stock of the blue man jour­neyed west­ward and amal­ga­mated with the later-day Es­ki­mos, and this union was slightly ben­e­fi­cial to the Es­kimo tribes.

Onward

Cited alongside: Cape Horn, continents, Europe, Greenland, Mexico